Standardized Speed Readings - FFE Calculations u3

Today's highly accurate PITCH F/X pitch speeds are measured at a point near the pitcher's hand at 50 feet from the plate.(*) Many earlier 'radar' and artillery measuring methods used varying distances along this spectrum to measure the speed of the ball. Therefore, it's not easy to compare, say, Nolan Ryan's well known speed record of 100.9 mph to other pitchers' radar readings, or even today's PITCH F/X speeds.

We know that typical pitch speeds drop 8-11 mph (average 9 mph) from 50 ft away to the front of the plate.

So, we make an adjustment, based on the known distance used and an estimated speed drop, to standardize all known pitch speeds to what we refer to as a 'Fifty Foot Equivalent'.

(*) However, according to this blog post at GoRangers,

In the early months [of 2007], they were measuring the release point at 55 feet from the plate. During June, they started measuring it at 40 feet, then later moved it to 50 feet.

2007 Radar (partial year - see Pitch F/X section for more 2007 pitches)

• 102 Matt Lindstrom r3r25, 5/16/2007, PNC Park (Pirates), Pittsburgh, 8th inning (no Pitch F/X speed data on that day)
• 102 Justin Verlander r3r4, 6/12/2007, Comerica Park (Tigers), Detroit, 9th inning of a no-hitter (no Pitch F/X speed data on that day)
• 101 Jonathan Broxton r3 r4, 6/26/2007, Chase Field (DBacks), Arizona
• 101 Joba Chamberlain r3, 8/24/2007, Comerica Park (Tigers), Detroit
• 101 Seth McClung r3r4, 8/21/2007, Chase Field (DBacks), Arizona
• 101 Tony Pena r3, 6/7/2007, AT&T Park (SF Giants), San Fran
• 100 Ubaldo Jimenez r3r4, 9/10/2007, Citizens Bank Park (Phillies), Phila.
• 100 Radhames Liz r3r4, 8/25/2007, Oriole Park (Orioles), Baltimore
• 100 Rafael Soriano r3r4, 5/4/2007, Turner Field (Braves), Atlanta
• 100 Joel Zumaya r13, 4/10/2007 8th inning Orioles' Corey Patterson homered on his 2nd pitch (no Pitch F/X that day)

2006 Radar

There were 335 pitches thrown 100+ in 2006. Joel Zumaya threw 233 of those.r1

• 104 (233) Joel Zumaya, Tigers r8r9 2006 season
• 102 (3) Brad Lidge, Astros r8r9, 2006 season
• 102 (1 or 2) Mark Lowe, Marlins rookie reliever r8r9r11 , 8/2/2006 8th inning vs Ramon Hernandez at Camden Yards in 102 degree heat (on 8/20/2006 he went on DL and ended up with TJ surgery)
• 102 (1) Jeremy Accardo r8r9, 2006 season
  
  
• 101 (26) Kyle Farnsworth, Yankee r8r9 2006 season
• 101 or more (19) Justin Verlander, Tigers r8r9r15 , 4/23/2006 vs Mariners' Richie Sexson 1st inning
• 101 (3) Bobby Jenks, White Sox r8r9, 2006 season
• 101 (1) David Aardsma, Cubs r8r9, 2006 season
• 101 (1) Daniel Cabrera, Orioles r8r9, 2006 season
• 101 (1) Manny Delcarmen, Red Sox r8r9, 2006 season
• 101 (1) Mark Lowe, Mariners r8r9, 2006 season
• 101 (1) Joe Nathan, Twins r8r9, 2006 season
• 101 (1) Francisco Cordero, Brewers r8r9, 2006 season
• 101 (1) Seth McClung, Rays r8r9 2006 season
  
  
• 100 (5) Ambriorix Burgos, Royals r8r9, 2006 season
• 100 (5) Billy Wagner, Mets r8r9, 2006 season
• 100 (3) Denny Bautista, Rockies r8r9, 2006 season
• 100 (1) Jeremy Affeldt, Royals r8r9, 2006 season
• 100 (1) Francisco Cordero, Rangers r8r9, 2006 season
• 100 (1) Jorge Julio, DBacks r8r9, 2006 season
• 100 Brandon League, Blue Jays r3, 7/14/2006, Rogers Centre, Toronto
  
  
• 10? (7) Felix Hernandez, Mariners r8r9, 2006 season
• 10? (5) Matt Thornton, White Sox r8r9, 2006 season
• 10? (3) Derrick Turnbow, Brewers r8r9, 2006 season
• 10? (3) Robert Novoa, Cubs r8r9, 2006 season
• there are 8 100+ pitches missing (likely 8 different pitchers)

Note - Mark Lowe is listed at 101 per BISr8, but r11 shows 102 mph - not sure if that is on a different day or the same pitch

2005 Radar

There were 134 pitches thrown 100+ in 2005. Daniel Cabrera threw 37 of those.r1

• 102 (10) Bobby Jenks, White Sox r3r7r20, 8/27/2005, Safeco Field (Mariners), Seattle (103 mph in Winter ball r19)
• 101 (17) A.J. Burnett, Marlins r3r7, 5/31/2005 (see Note below), PNC Park (Pirates), Pittsburgh, and r24 again on 4/12/2005 Dolphin Stadium vs. Phillies
• 101 (?) Brandon League, Blue Jays r13 8/19/2005 Chris Shelton hit a home run on the 4th inning pitch
• 10? (37) Daniel Cabrera, Orioles r7
• 10? (18) Billy Wagner, Phillies r7
• 10? (15) Kyle Farnsworth, Tigers/Braves r7
• 10? (11) Seth McClung, Devil Rays r7
• 100 Rich Harden r3, 5/13/2005, McAfee Stadium (A's), Oakland
• 100 Dustin McGowan r3r4, 10/2/2005, Rogers Centre (Blue Jays), Toronto
• 100 Derrick Turnbow r3, 5/27/2005, Miller Park (Brewers), Milwaukee
• 100 Kerry Wood r3r4, 8/10/2005, Wrigley Field (Cubs), Chicago
• there are 21 missing 100+ pitches (likely 21 different pitchers)

Note on A.J. Burnett 5/31/2005 game. The 104 stadium radar reading during the game was not considered credibler27.

2004 Radar

There were 82 pitches thrown 100+ in 2004. Kyle Farnsworth threw the most at 30. r1

• 102 Randy Johnson r3, 7/9/2004, Pac Bell Park (SF Giants), San Fran
• 102 Josh Beckett, Marlins r21, 4/17/2004, vs. Braves in Atlanta
• 101 (30) Kyle Farnsworth r1r2r3f , 5/26/2004, Minute Maid Park (Astros), Houston
• 101 or more (8) Billy Wagner, Phillies r2r14 , 4/16/2004 vs. Expos 9th inning during one of the 2 strikeouts (he threw 4 100+ pitches in that game)
• 101 Eric Gagne r3, stadium reading 4/16/2004, 9th inning vs. Barry Bonds 6th pitch (Bonds hit it foul into the water) in SBC (now AT&T) Park (SF Giants), San Fran (Bonds hit his 662nd home run on the next pitch - 100mph)
• 100 Jorge Julio r3, 9/16/2004, Skydome (Blue Jays), Toronto - and again in 2006 r8
• 100 Ben Sheets r3, 7/10/2004, Miller Park (Brewers), Milwaukee
• 10? (8) Jesus Colome r5
• 10? (4) A.J. Burnett r2
• 10? (2) Edwin Jackson r2
• there are 25 missing 100+ pitches

2003 Radar

There were 204 pitches thrown 100+ in 2003. Billy Wagner threw 159 of those. r1

• 101 (159) Billy Wagner, Astros r1r3r4 , 7/30/2003, Turner Field (Braves), Atlanta (122 of his 100+ mph pitches were at home r7)
• 10? (12) Bartolo Colon, White Sox r6
• 10? (8) Kyle Farnsworth r6
• 10? (4) Jorge Julio r6
• 100 (3) Josh Beckett r3r6 , 10/12/2003, Pro Player Park (Marlins), Miami
• 10? (3) Jesus Colome r6
• 10? (2) Francisco Cordero r6
• 10? (2) Tom Gordon r6
• 10? (2) Braden Looper r6
• there are 9 missing 100+ pitches (likely 9 different pitchers)

2002 Radar

There were 106 pitches thrown 100+ in 2002. Billy Wagner threw 42 of those.r1

• 102 Armando Benitez r3, 5/24/2002, Shea Stadium (Mets), NYC
• 101 Guillermo Mota r3, 7/24/2002, Qualcomm Stadium (Padres), San Diego
• 100 C.C. Sabathia r3, 6/28/2002, Jacobs Field (Indians), Cleveland
• 100 Bartolo Colon, Indians r13, 5/9/2002 (Mike Sweeney hit a home run off of it - 6th or 8th inning)
• 10? (42) Billy Wagner, Astros r1, 2002 season (26 of his 100+ mph pitches were at home r7)
• there are 60 missing pitches from this list

Radar - pre 2002

• 102 (6 or more) Robb Nen, Marlins r17 , twice on 10/18/1997 World Series Game 1, 9th inning vs Indians' David Justice (who pulled it for a hit) , and again to strike out Jim Thome, Pro Player Stadium (Marlins), Miami
• 101 Rob Dibble r3, 6/8/1992, Candlestick Park (SF Giants)
• 101 Jose Mesa r3, 5/1/1993, Cleveland Stadium (Indians)
• 100 Bartolo Colon r3, 10/6/1999, Jacobs Field (Indians), Cleveland
• 100 Roger Clemens r3, 10/10/2001, Yankee Stadium, New York
• 100 J.R. Richard r3, 5/25/1976, Candlestick Park (SF Giants), San Francisco
• 100 Dwight Gooden r3, 6/17/1990 Three Rivers Stadium
• 100 Billy Wagner, Astros r16, Sunday 8/9/1998 9th inning vs Doug Glanville (Phillies) in the Astrodome

Radar Gun Rumors

There are rumors in articles of other pitchers that have been gunned at 100+. But, until I find harder evidence for these events, I won't list them.

• JR Richard at 101 (vs 100 above) and again here. In the 1st inning of the 1980 All Star game, the announcer said he threw a 94 mph slider to Reggie Jackson (see GIF at right).
• JR Richard also threw at least 101 mph somewhere, but it's not clear when or exactly how fast, in this ESPN clip at the 1:50 mark in what appears to be the 1980 All Star game, Keith Jackson says

  and that ladies and gentlemen, was a fastball that was better than 100 miles an hour

• Billy Koch at 101 or 100 mph
• Brad Penny at 101 mph per MLB.com in 2007 "Penny hit 101 mph with his fastball at times, according to the Chase Field radar gun"
• Jesus Colome reportedly threw 101 mph for the Devil Rays in 2000
• Mark Kroon reportedly threw a Japanese record 101 mph in 2008
• Lee Smith, Cardinals reliever according to Paul Votano's book, Late and Close: A History of Relief Pitching, page 107, reportedly was 'clocked at 101mph'
• Bobby Jenks 2003 threw 103 in Winter ball, but when? see r19
• Billy Wagner 2003 threw two additional 101 mph pitches on what I derive to be 7/11/2003 Astros vs. Pirates 9th inning striking out someone with 101 on 3rd and 4th pitch per a Phillies forum

  First pitch .... 100 MPH!!!, second pitch ...100 MPH, third pitch ..... 101 MPH!!!, fourth pitch 101 MPH!! Sit Down Pal!

• Francisco Cordero 100 mph 2004 - per Mark Newman's MLB article Pitchers packing powerful heat (it doesn't mention a specific game)

  Francisco Cordero has been nearly automatic for the Rangers, giving him entrée into baseball's newly elite among closers, going under 95 mph only on breaking balls and topping out at 100.

• Eric Gagne 102 mph 4/2004 - per Mark Newman's MLB article about a 4/16/2004 game Pitchers packing powerful heat (it doesn't mention a specific game)

  Giants reliever Matt Herges said Gagne also hit 102 in the [Dodgers-Giants] series

  This youtube shows Gagne vs Bonds 4/16/2004 with the 101 mph pitch going into McCovey Cove foul.
• Troy Percival 102 mph 9/20/2001 - Mike DiGiovanna's 8/21/2001 article Glaus Enjoys a Rare Good Day in Safeco

  I saw [Percival] hit 102 mph and me 97 mph; all I can say is that gun is accurate as any in the league," Washburn joked.

• A.J. Burnett 102 mph June 2004 - Burnett Jockbio page says

  A.J. worked hard during his rehab and returned in June of 2004 throwing an astonishing 102 mph. His control was better, too.

  Bill Gutman's 2010 book Yankees by the Numbers says

  Burnett had Tommy John surgery in 2003, yet returned the next year to throw a fastball at 102mph. In 2005, his fastball averaged 95.6 mph, best in the league.

• Jim Kerns White Sox, 100 mph 1970s/80s
• Maels (pronounced Miles) Rodriguez became the first in Cuban National League history to throw 100 mph in a game on 12/8/1999 (Chapman broke his record in 2008 at 101.2 mph), two weeks later he threw the league's first ever perfect game, then he threw 100 mph again in the Summer 2000 Olympic Games for Cuba. He worked out for 15 MLB teams on 1/22/2004, but no offers materialized after he couldn't hit 90 on the gun (after his 2002 arm injury). He was drafted in 2005 by the Diamondbacks but never played. So, even though he hit 100 mph, he never actually played for the MLB in any capacity.

Pitch Speed Tests Before Radar Guns - 1912 to 1974u11

Only pitches that were measured and documented are listed below.

Everybody Loves Speed

The speed of pitched balls has been of intense interest since the earliest days of baseball. Team owners and newsmen have long known that the public has a thirst for fastball speeds. The world's first speed test in 1912 of Walter Johnson and Nap Rucker became a sensation and made headlines all over the country.

Baseball pitches were measured using a variety of methods by the US Army ballistics/artillery labs, West Point, time and motion engineers, and engineering firms:

• Chronographs with various screen devices - called 'lumiline', 'photo-electric pitching meters', 'gravity drop interval recorders', 'DuMont cathode-ray oscilloscope [with a] photoelectric eye'
• High speed and low speed video cameras
• Racing against a speeding motorcycle
• Early 'coherent laser radar'

Demystifying Chronographs and Screens

The military, arms companies, archery firms, engineering firms, and sports enthusiasts use ballistic test devices to measure speeds of fast moving objects like bullets, missiles, and arrows.

These devices are generally comprised of two 'screens', and a chronograph.

The chronograph, or its cousin the oscilloscope/oscillograph, is like a stopwatch/timer used to measure the start and stop times. But it needs two or more 'screens' to tell it when to start and stop as the object passes through the screens.

The screens are the start and end points and are usually called 'sky screens', 'lumiline screens', or 'make or break' screens and look like the triangle-shaped devices seen in pictures on this page. Some early screen devices used small copper wires in the opening and a steel plate for the end point.

Screens usually work using a photoelectric beam, just like your home burglar alarm sensors, your garage door sensor, or an elevator door sensor. When something crosses the light beam, it triggers some action.

When the ball (or bullet) passes through the starting point, it begins the timer, then the object passes through or hits the end point, which stops the timer. The distance between the start and end points are known, so its easy to calculate the speed in terms of feet per second (fps) of the moving object/ball/bullet/missile.

Here is a link to an interesting 1982 document from US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD that "describes methods for measuring projectile velocity, including time of flight distance measurements, and equipment.". Sec 2.2 Instrumentation List includes: "Sky screens and chronographs, lumiline screens and chronographs, make or break screens and chronographs, can test velocity to 3000 m/s with +-0.1%" maximum error. So, these devices are very accurate.

Accuracy

I am amused when I read articles and forum comments about how these pre-radar devices are 'primitive' or 'not accurate'. Of course, the low speed camera test in 1913 and the motorcycle test in 1940 were indeed primitive and not very accurate. But in many cases, chronograph/ballistic devices are more accurate than radar.

Radar and chronograph devices work mostly the same way in that a timer starts, then something causes the timer to end, and you know the distance between the start/end points (radar uses different wave lengths, and chronographs use the sky screen openings - ex. the triangle shaped box).

However, with radar (even with the best Stalker/JUGS gun), you don't know exactly where, along the path taken from pitchers hand to the plate, the reading was taken - was it measured out of the hand? 10 feet away? 12 feet away? There is no way to know. With the chronograph device, you know the precise location of the measurement since it's based on the physical location of the device itself.

Why Did Portable Radar Guns Overtake Chronographs for Pitch Speed Tests?

The reason that radar overtook chronographs in measuring pitch speeds is not because radar is more accurate, but because radar is more practical, in that a ball no longer had to be thrown through a device. Radar allowed a game to be played, and measurements to be taken, during a live game, which means that every pitch could be measured, not just a few warmup pitches before the game started.

But, this practicality led to continued confusion during the 30 years of the radar era, from 1975 through 2006, because of 'fast guns' (with readings taken near the pitchers hand) , 'slow guns' (readings averaged, or taken near the plate) , and other radar guns/devices where you had no idea where the ball was along the path when the measurement was taken.

50 Foot Equivalent for Comparing Pitch Speeds Across Eras

I have calculated the 50 foot equivalent (FFE) speed for each pitcher, based on how far they were from the device, and what type of device, so they can be compared to each other, and to today's speeds.

List of All Recorded Pitch Speed Test Results - 1912-1974

FFE	Name	Tested Speed	Method	Tested distance	When	Where	Device	Comment
108.1	Nolan Ryan	100.9 mph (twice)	Early radar	10 ft from plate	08/20/74	Anaheim Stadium during game, in press box	Rockwell Intl coherent infrared laser radar	1st test with Guinness
108.0	Nolan Ryan	100.8 mph	Early radar	10 ft from plate	09/07/74	Anaheim Stadium during game, in press box	Rockwell Intl coherent infrared laser radar	2nd test for public
107.6	Bob Feller	98.6 mph	lumiline chronograph	plate	08/20/46	Griffith Stadium Washington DC, home plate	Portable lumiline chronograph using photo electric cells from ordnance plant at Aberdeen, MD
103.2	Bob Turley	.00362/6in-138.12fps-94.17 mph	oscillograph	60.5 feet, device at plate	05/12/54	Baltimore Stadium, home plate	Dumont Labs cathode-ray oscillograph	added to 102+ list 10/7/2014
102.5	Steve Dalkowski	93.5 mph	lumiline chronograph	plate	Jun 1958	US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD	US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground lumiline chronograph
102.2	Joe Black	93.2 mph	oscillograph	60 feet 6 inches, device at plate	09/20/53	Ebbets Field, Brooklyn NY	Dumont Labs cathode-ray oscillograph	added to 102+ list 10/5/2014
102.1	Terry Forster (White Sox)	94.9 mph	Early radar	10 ft from plate	09/07/74	Anaheim Stadium during game, in press box	Rockwell Intl coherent infrared laser radar	2nd Ryan test for public
100.1	Steve Barber	95.55 mph	50fps camera	counted frames, avg speed	Spring 1960	Miami?	50fps camera
99.8	Don Drysdale	95.31 mph	50fps camera	counted frames, avg speed	Spring 1960	Miami?	50fps camera
99.3	Atley Donald	139 fps/ 94.77 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	08/30/39	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
99.3	Rudy York	139 fps/ 94.77 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	Summer 1939	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
99.3	Ralph Kress	139 fps/ 94.77 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	Summer 1939	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
99.3	Roy Cullenbine	139 fps/ 94.77 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	Summer 1939	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
98.1	Mickey Lolich (Tigers)	90.9 mph	Early radar	10 ft from plate	08/20/74	Anaheim Stadium during game, in press box	Rockwell Intl coherent infrared laser radar	1st Ryan test
97.7	Sandy Koufax	93.20 mph	50fps camera	counted frames, avg speed	Spring 1960	Miami?	50fps camera
97.6	Jack Kucek (White Sox rookie)	90.4 mph (twice)	Early radar	10 ft from plate	09/07/74	Anaheim Stadium during game, in press box	Rockwell Intl coherent infrared laser radar	2nd Ryan test for public
97.5	Johnny Podres	88.5 mph	oscillograph	60 feet 6 inches, device at plate	09/20/53	Ebbets Field, Brooklyn NY	Dumont Labs cathode-ray oscillograph
96.7	Dee Miles	136 fps/ 92.7 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	Summer 1939	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
95.7	Ryne Duren	91.16 mph	50fps camera	counted frames, avg speed	Spring 1960	Miami?	50fps camera
95.6	Herb Score	91.08 mph	50fps camera	counted frames, avg speed	Spring 1960	Miami?	50fps camera
95.4	Walter Johnson	134 fps/ 91.4 mph	gravity drop interval recorder	?	1917	Remington Arms lab, Bridgeport CT	gravity drop interval recorder
95.3	Bob Turley	90.75 mph	50fps camera	counted frames, avg speed	Spring 1960	Miami?	50fps camera
94.0	Bob Feller	10 frames	motorcycle and 24fps? video	60 feet 6 inches	1940	Chicago street in Lincoln Park	motorcycle and 24fps video
93.3	Steve Sundra	131 fps/ 89.3 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	Summer 1939	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
93.3	Wally Moses	131 fps/ 89.3 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	Summer 1939	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
92.5	Bob Milliken	83.5 mph	oscillograph	60 feet 6 inches, device at plate	09/20/53	Ebbets Field, Brooklyn NY	Dumont Labs cathode-ray oscillograph
90.6	Johnny Humphries	127 fps/ 86.6 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	06/06/39	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
90.6	Christy Mathewson	127 fps/ 86.6 mph	gravity drop interval recorder	?	1917	Remington Arms lab, Bridgeport CT	gravity drop interval recorder
88.5	Smokey Joe Wood	124 fps/ 84.5 mph	gravity drop interval recorder	?	1917	Remington Arms lab, Bridgeport CT	gravity drop interval recorder
87.7	Walter Johnson	122 fps/ 83.2 mph	chronograph		10/06/12	Remington Arms bullet testing range	chronograph with copper wires and a steel plate	How far away? 20/60ft?
87.2	Jimmy Foxx	122 fps/ 83.2 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	06/06/39	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
87.2	Jim Tabor	122 fps/ 83.2 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	06/06/39	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
87.2	Roger Cramer	122 fps/ 83.2 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	06/06/39	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
86.0	Van Mungo	113 fps/ 77.0 mph	?		June 1933	West Point Ballistics lab	?
85.1	Bob Feller	119 fps/ 81.1 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	06/06/39	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
85.1	Ben Chapman	119 fps/ 81.1 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	06/06/39	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
85.1	Julius Solters	119 fps/ 81.1 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	06/06/39	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
85.1	Jim Shilling	119 fps/ 81.1 mph	photoelectric chronograph	20 ft away	06/06/39	Cleveland Stadium, side of field	Rex D. McDill's Cleveland Speed Meter – photoelectric chronograph
84.7	Lefty Gomez	111 fps/ 75.7 mph	?		June 1933	West Point Ballistics lab	?
81.5	Nap Rucker	113 fps/ 77.0 mph	chronograph		10/06/12	Remington Arms bullet testing range	chronograph with copper wires and a steel plate	How far away? 20/60ft?
??	Billy Loes	??	oscillograph	60 feet 6 inches, device at plate	09/20/53	Ebbets Field, Brooklyn NY	Dumont Labs cathode-ray oscillograph
??	Ben Wade	??	oscillograph	60 feet 6 inches, device at plate	09/20/53	Ebbets Field, Brooklyn NY	Dumont Labs cathode-ray oscillograph
??	Lou McEvoy	150 fps/ 102.27 mph	?		05/23/30	West Point Ballistics lab	?

Rumors

• Jim Maloney (Reds) 1965 99.5 mphs20 when? where? device?

1974 Speed Test – Ryan s1 s22 s23

See Ryan bio section for more details of the two games, the promotion of the contest, and the testing.

First Live Test During the Angels-Tigers Game 8/20/1974 – Ryan's record 100.9 mph, 108.1 FFE

On 8/20/1974 both Ryan and Lolich (Tigers) pitched complete games over 11 innings. Ryan struck out 19 batters, with no run support to lose 1-0.

Earlier, on 6/14/1974, he had struck out 19 Red Sox batters in 13 innings using 235 pitches, resulting in a no decision.

Second test – Live Promotional Event During the Angels-White Sox Game 9/7/1974 – 100.8 mph, 108.0 FFE

On 9/7/1974, Ryan threw 159 pitches, striking out 9 batters, and faced Jack Kucek the White Sox rookie.

Terry Forster (White Sox LH reliever) pitched the final 1.2 innings (7th/8th), there is no mention of his speed in the same articles, but he was reported months later to have thrown 94.9 in 'September 1974', so I am going to assume it was on 9/7. Forster led the AL that year with 24 saves, then he injured his arm in 1975.

(However, I am not including Forster's speed on the 102+ list until I get more verification of the reading) s21

Speed Results for Both Tests

Assuming they were 10 feet away – add 7.2 mph (9mph/50*40) to get to the 50ft FFE – and deduct 1.8 mph (9/50*10) to get plate speed:

• Nolan Ryan (Angels) 8/20/74, 100.9 mph at 10 ft away, or 108.1 mph FFE, 99.8 mph est. plate speed, 1st inning vs. Tigers' Ron LeFlore (he threw two 100.9 pitches that game)
• Nolan Ryan (Angels) 9/7/74, 100.8 mph at 10 ft away, or 108.0 mph FFE, 99.7 mph est. plate speed, 9th inning vs. White Sox' Lee "Bee Bee" Richard
• Mickey Lolich (Tigers) 8/20/74, 90.9 mph at 10 ft away, or 98.1 mph FFE, 89.1 mph est. plate speed
• Jack Kucek (White Sox rookie RHP) 9/7/74, 90.4 mph at 10 ft away, or 97.6 mph FFE, 88.6 mph est. plate speed (he threw 90.4 twice during the game)
• Terry Forster (White Sox reliever) 9/7/74, 94.9 mph at 10 ft away, or 102.1 mph FFE, 93.1 mph est. plate speed

Other Nolan Ryan pitches reported on 9/7/1974:

• Warmup – 88.5 mph at 10ft, 86.7 mph plate speed, 95.7 mph FFE (warmup readings 68.5, 55, 88.5 and 70.7 mph)
• Inning 1 – 87.6 mph at 10ft, 85.8 mph plate speed, 94.8 mph FFE
• Inning 2 – 93.4 mph at 10ft, 91.6 mph plate speed, 100.6 mph FFE
• Inning 3 – 94.1 mph at 10ft, 92.3 mph plate speed, 101.3 mph FFE
• Inning 4 – 98.8 mph at 10ft, 97.0 mph plate speed, 106.0 mph FFE vs. Jerry Hairston
• Inning 5 – 96.4 mph at 10ft, 94.6 mph plate speed, 103.6 mph FFE
• Inning 6 – 91.3 mph at 10ft, 89.5 mph plate speed, 98.5 mph FFE
• Inning 7 – 96.7 mph at 10ft, 94.9 mph plate speed, 103.9 mph FFE
• Inning 8 – 94.1 mph at 10ft, 92.3 mph plate speed, 101.3 mph FFE

1960 Speed Test – High Speed Cameras15

This Week, which was a nationwide newspaper insert, did some testing during spring training 1960 and published an article June 19, 1960 Who's the Fastest Pitcher By LESLIE LIEBER, which described the test:

Here's how we did the testing: We set up a high-speed movie camera which takes 50 frames a second. It photographed the ball from the pitcher’s mound until it crossed home plate — 60 feet, six inches away.

By counting the number of frames it took the ball to reach the plate, our mathematicians were able to translate the velocity into miles per hour.

The results were arrived at not on the basis of one pitch — but by averaging the five fastest pitches thrown by each man. The final standings are [below]

50 frames per second is sufficient to get a good speed reading (even today). You could have as much as 3-4 mph error on a single reading, but 5 readings should reduce the error significantly.

Since they were 60.5 feet away, and the speed had essentially been averaged – add 4.5 mph (50% of 9 mph speed reduction to the plate) to get to the 50ft FFE:

• Steve Barber (Orioles rookie) 95.55 mph, or 100.05 mph FFE
• Don Drysdale (Dodgers) 95.31 mph, or 99.81 mph FFE
• Sandy Koufax (Dodgers) 93.20 mph, or 97.70 mph FFE
• Ryne Duren (Yankees) 91.16 mph, or 95.66 mph FFE
• Herb Score (White Sox) 91.08 mph, or 95.58 mph FFE
• Bob Turley (Yankees) 90.75 mph, or 95.25 mph FFE

Reports say this film was taken in Miami. The Orioles held their Spring training in Miami Stadium in 1960, maybe it was there? The Dodgers played in Vero Beach, the Yankees in St Petersburg, and the White Sox in Sarasota.

1954 Speed Test – Baltimore – Dumont Oscillographs14

The Orioles were hyping their move to Baltimore in 1953/54, so Collier's magazine wanted to test the speed of the Orioles rookie sensation "Bullet" Bob Turley's fastball for a story.

So "Bullet" Bob Turley (Career: 101-85, 3.64 ERA, 1265 SO, 1958 ML Cy, 3xAllStar, Yankees/Orioles) was tested in Baltimore Stadium on 5/12/1954. Collier's described it this way:

"A Du Mont cathode-ray oscillograph test, arranged recently by Collier's, proved that Turley throws a ball from the mound through two light screens six inches apart in .00362 seconds." "photo-electric eye, all passed through triangular opening, breaking beams from two photoelectric circuits set six inches apart."

They described the result as 94.2 mph (it was rounded up from 94.17 mph).

Note that "Bullet" Bob earned his nickname before the 'bullet' test in 1954, likely late 1953 after he returned a 'war hero' to the Browns/Orioles in Aug 1953.

Since he was 60.5 feet away from the device, you must add 9 mph to get to the 50ft FFE

• Bob Turley (Orioles) .00362/6in, 138.12fps/94.17 mph, from 60.5 ft = 103.2 mph FFE

Here are some interesting articles about Turley:

• His blazing speed in the May 30, 1954 Sports Illustrated
• He made the cover of Sports Illustrated 5/4/1959 after he won game 7 of the 1958 World Series for the Yankees
• The article The aching, aching arms – here

There is some incorrect information about this test floating around as below – Look was not involved, that I know of, and the device did not come from the Army's Aberdeen facility.:

Look magazine wanted to time his fastball for a story. They borrowed a bullet timer from Aberdeen Proving Grounds and set it on home plate. Turley fired his fastball through the bullet timer at just over 98.

1953 Speed Test – Brooklyn Ebbets Field cathode-ray oscillographs17

The NY TV station WABD promoted a one game test before a Sunday double header on 9/20/1953 at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, NY.

DuMont Laboratories, Inc. using their "cathode-ray oscillograph" (basically a stopwatch), plus two v-shaped photoelectric 'screens' to start and stop it, tested the pitching speed of at least three Brooklyn Dodger pitchers. They pitched from the mound through the device at home plate.

They were clocked as follows – Joe Black 93.2 mph, Johnny Podres 88.5 mph, and Bob Milliken 83.5 mph. Billy Loes and Ben Wade were reported to have been tested, but no record has been found of the results.

Since they were 60.5 feet away from the device, you must add 9 mph to get to the 50ft FFE:

• Joe Black (Brooklyn reliever) 93.2 mph, or 102.2 mph FFE
• Johnny Podres (Brooklyn) 88.5 mph, or 97.5 mph FFE
• Bob Milliken (Brooklyn) 83.5 mph, or 92.5 mph FFE
• Billy Loes ??
• Ben Wade ??

1946 Speed Test – Feller chronograph

See Feller bio section

1940 Speed Test – Feller motorcycle

See Feller bio section

1939 Speed Tests in Cleveland

#11 was likely Ben Chapman who was not a pitcher (however he pitched in 1945/46). There was no #33 on the roster, so that must be one of the coaches. Manager Ossie Vitt was #26.

Per the Richmond (VA) Times Dispatch, June 6, 1939 AP article "Meter to Record Feller's Speed" s12:

John A. Crawford of the Cleveland Plain Dealer thought the idea would be useful in selection of pitching and other talents. 

President Alvin Bradley of the Cleveland Indians agreed and Rex D. McDill, Cleveland electronics engineer, built the machine.

The new meter, which gives an immediate reading which engineers said compared with standard laboratory meter accuracy, is built in a trailer. You throw into a hole two feet square. Just inside is a set of photo-electric tubes, and five feet back is another set. The device measures the ball's speed between the two points and flashes it on a scale facing the pitcher.

The results were reported the following day in the Richmond (VA) Times Dispatch, June 7, 1939 AP article, "Humphreys' 'Hard' Un' Faster Than Feller's, Meter Shows"s12:

Three Boston Red Sox threw a baseball 122 feet a second into a new photo-electric pitching meter yesterday. Three Cleveland Indians could do only 119 feet.

Pitchers were not included in yesterday's test but "unofficially," Bob Feller of Cleveland threw three balls into the meter from a distance of 20 feet.
 The best mark he recorded was 119 feet. His less-touted teammate, pitcher Johnny Humphreys, recorded 127 feet. There will be a contest for pitchers later.

Jimmy Foxx, Jim Tabor, and Roger Cramer made it a clean Boston sweep with a first-place tie in yesterday's fielders contest.

The best the Indians could do was a tie at 119 feet by Ben Chapman, Julius Solters and Jim Shilling.

Assuming they were 20 feet away – add 4 mph (20/50*9mph) to get to the 50ft FFEs12:

• Johnny Humphries of Cleveland, 127 fps (86.6 mph) at 20 ft away, or 90.6 mph FFE
• Jimmy Foxx of Boston, 122 fps (83.2 mph) at 20 ft away, or 87.2 mph FFE
• Jim Tabor of Boston, 122 fps (83.2 mph) at 20 ft away, or 87.2 mph FFE
• Roger Cramer of Boston, 122 fps (83.2 mph) at 20 ft away, or 87.2 mph FFE
• Bob Feller of Cleveland, 119 fps (81.1 mph) at 20 ft away, or 85.1 mph FFE
• Ben Chapman of Cleveland, 119 fps (81.1 mph) at 20 ft away, or 85.1 mph FFE
• Julius Solters of Cleveland, 119 fps (81.1 mph) at 20 ft away, or 85.1 mph FFE
• Jim Shilling of Cleveland, 119 fps (81.1 mph) at 20 ft away, or 85.1 mph FFE

Thousands of major and minor league players, and some 'sandlotters', (reportedly 27,000 in all!) were tested with this machine afterwards during the summer of 1939.s9

First was Dee Miles, an outfielder for the Philadelphia Athletics, who became the record holder for a while at 136 fps/ 92.7 mph, or 96.7 mph FFE.

Then, on August 30, 1939 Atley Donald, the Yankees' sensational rookie who went 13-3 that year, was tested in Cleveland and became the worlds' fastest throwing 139 fps/ 94.77 mph (or 99.3 mph FFE)

Presumably between then and Nov 25, 1939 Rudy York [infielder], Ralph [Red] Kress [infielder] and Roy Cullenbine [outfielder] of the Detroit Tigers also threw 139 fps to tie Atley Donald's record.

Steve "Sandy" Sundra (Yankees pitcher) and Wally Moses (Philadelphia Athletics LH outfielder) tied for 2nd throwing 131 fps/ 89.3 mph, or 93.3 mph FFE.

To summarize and rank these later tested later from June 7 through the end of the 1939 season:
Assuming they were 20 feet away – add 4 mph (20/50*9mph) to get to the 50ft FFE:

• Atley Donald (Yankees) 139 fps/ 94.77 mph, or 99.3 mph FFE
• Rudy York (Tigers) 139 fps/ 94.77 mph, or 99.3 mph FFE
• Ralph Kress (Tigers) 139 fps/ 94.77 mph, or 99.3 mph FFE
• Roy Cullenbine (Tigers) 139 fps/ 94.77 mph, or 99.3 mph FFE
• Dee Miles (Athletics) 136 fps/ 92.7 mph, or 96.7 mph FFE
• Steve Sundra (Yankees) 131 fps/ 89.3 mph, or 93.3 mph FFE
• Wally Moses (Athletics) 131 fps/ 89.3 mph, or 93.3 mph FFE

It's interesting to note that 4 unidentified 'sandlotters' also tied for 2nd at 131 fps.

1933 Speed Test at West Points19

In June 1933, the Dodger's Van Lingle Mungo and the Yankee's Lefty Gomez, two of the fastest pitchers of the time, went to West Point's ballistics lab. We don't know how far the device was from the pitchers.

We will assume 60 ft for this purpose, so add 9 mph to get to 50 FFE.

• Van Mungo (Dodgers), 113 fps (77.0 mph) at 60 ft plate, or 86 mph FFE
• Lefty Gomez (Yankees), 111 fps (75.7 mph) at 60 ft plate, or 84.7 mph FFE

1930 Speed Test at West Point s16

Mark Koenig (Yankees shortstop) and Lou McEvoy (Yankees pitcher) went to West Point Military Academy on 5/23/1930 to be tested by Capt HA Hinsley and some cadets. Lou McEvoy was measured at 150 fps. Koenig was measured and 'almost equalled' McEvoy but it was not reported. Later reports have falsely attributed the 150 fps reading to Koenig.

We have no details on how the test was performed, so we can't determine if/how to adjust to FFE.

• Lou McEvoy (Yankee pitcher) 150 fps/ 102.27 mph.
• Mark Koenig (Yankee shortstop) ??

Note: I am not including this 102.27 mph pitch in my 102+ list until I can confirm much more about the equipment used, and it's reliability, and how far away they were from the device.

1917 Speed Test– Remington, Bridgeport, CTs29

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I'm not convinced that this test is real, and here is why.

The earliest 'evidence' of this test appears in 1939 articles during the Cleveland speed tests, based on 20 year old recollections. Mathewson stopped pitching in 1916, when he only pitched 4 games. Joe Wood was operated on for appendicitis preseason 1914, and displayed visible shoulder pain in October 1915, and his speed dropped visibly. He would not accept a cut in pay, so he rehabbed at home during 1916. In Feb 1917, he was sold to Cleveland where his debut May 25th was a disaster. He became an outfielder after that.

AP reported in 1939

Sponsors recalled that back in 1917, in Bridgeport (Conn.) arms laboratory [likely Remington Arms], Walter Johnson recorded 134 feet per second, Christy Mathewson 127 and "Smoky Joe" Wood 124. They used a gravity drop interval recorder."

Assuming they were 20 feet away – add 4 mph (20/50*9mph) to get to the 50ft FFE:

• Walter Johnson, 134 fps (91.4 mph) at 20 ft away, or 95.4 mph FFE
• Christy Mathewson, 127 fps (86.6 mph) at 20 ft away, or 90.6 mph FFE
• Smokey Joe Wood, 124 fps (84.5 mph) at 20 ft away, or 88.5 mph FFE

1913 Speed Test – NY Giants – Gilbreth Hand-cranked Cameras18

In April 1913, Frank Gilbreth performed a time and motion study of the Brown University baseball team, and it was reported in the Sunday Providence paper.

George H. Daley, sports editor of the New York Tribune read this and organized a similar study of the New York Giants team.

On May 31, 1913 “in the presence of some 20,000 fans, and the ‘tearing’ music of a 70 member Cuban marine band whose battleship was docked offshore” Gilbreth recorded the Giants’ pitching and batting speeds and motions, as well as the time needed to steal second base.

Time and motion measurements were reported in the New York Tribune newspaper, among others that picked up the story (for example: Sporting Life, 1913)".

You can watch the film of the parts of the study at Archive.org where the Giants are about to play the Phillies at the Polo Grounds.

Gilbreth used a 16mm video camera, and since it was cranked by hand, produced a variable frame rate. This is the reason black and white 'talkie' films look 'jerky'. So he devised a special clock, which appears in every frame, that makes one revolution per second (based on looking at the video), and is divided into what looks like 40 sections – 4 groups of 10. (Note that he used different clocks with various speeds for other experiments). The custom clock enabled him to determine the 'length' of time between each frame with tremendous accuracy.

White (minors?) was hitting, Mullaney (minors?) was catching, Fred Snodgrass was at 2B. Art Fromme was the pitcher. He surmised that the best speed/time for Fromme from release to the catcher's mitt was 0.351 seconds. Fromme was on the mound 60.5 feet away, and the catcher appears to be standing about 5 feet behind home plate, but his glove is about 3 feet closer.

Apparently several pitchers were tested, but not reported anywhere.

The average speed made by the Giants pitchers was .403172, approximately two-fifths of a second, or at the rate of 170.075 feet a second, while that of the Brown pitchers was approximately .5 of a second, or a tenth of a second slower.

So, Fromme's time was tested at .351 seconds. The reported speed is 185.185 fps – which converts to 126.26 mph.

Let's examine the many problems with the calculation:

The distance – 65 vs. 56.5 feet
65 feet distance – 185.185 fps is obviously based on 65 feet distance over .351 seconds. However, the pitcher's stride is probably 6 feet, and the catcher's mitt was only 2 feet behind the plate. So, the real distance for the calculation is 56.5 feet (60.5-6+2). So, the real fps using 56.5 feet at .351 seconds is 160.97 fps (56.5/.351) – or 102.93 mph – or 107.43 mph FFE (+4.5 mph since frame rates are average speeds).

The low frame count
The basic problem with Gilbreth's method is the limitations of a low frame rate camera. Based on my review of the 4 pitching clips in the film, his frame rate ranged from 22 to 35 fps. The margin of error between each frame when looking at pitch speeds, when using low frame rates like this, is 6-9 mph between each frame. Based on my experience reviewing hitting and pitching clips, even a 30 fps camera is not very good for this purpose. A 50/60+ fps camera is much, much better to determine pitch speeds.

Camera Blur (rolling shutter) and low film quality
Sometimes the clock appears to have two second/minor hands instead of one because of camera blur (rolling stutter).

It's hard to tell which frame starts, and which frame ends the process. You can't determine if the catcher has the ball or if it's still in the air. You can't tell if the pitcher still has the ball or if he has released it.

Misjudging the starting or ending frame by a single frame can introduce an extra 6-9 mph error possibility.

Fresh Review of the Pitching 1913 Clips for Art Fromme
I reviewed the four pitching clips. Here is what I saw – assume 56.5 feet (60.5-6+2) + frame counts result in average speed – so add 4.5 mph (50% of 9 mph):

• 100.8 mph, avg speed 96.3 (14 frames, 0.400 secs, 141 fps) + 4.5 ffe – (9:29 mark – 28/40 to 44/40)
• 90.1 mph, avg speed 85.6 (10 frames, 0.450 secs, 125 fps) + 4.5 ffe – (9:32 mark – 31/40 to 49/40 camera blur)
• 100.8 mph, avg speed 96.3 (11 frames, 0.400 secs, 141 fps) + 4.5 ffe – (9:35 mark – 30/40 to 46/40 clear)
• 95.1 mph, avg speed 90.6 (10 frames, 0.425 secs, 133 fps) + 4.5 ffe – (9:39 mark – 26/40 to 43/40)

So, Fromme's speed could have been 100.8 mph – plus or minus up to 6-9 mph. I'm giving him a 98-102 mph range.

Also, according to the 1915 Spalding Base Ball Guide, there is a reference to an additional time study of some sort performed on a team(s) in June 1906.

1912 – Remington, Bridgeport, CT – World's First Pitching Speed Test by Baseball Magazine s6

Baseball Magazine editor F.C. Lane organized a speed test on 10/6/1912 (although this date is in dispute – see below), between Washington's Walter Johnson and Brooklyn's Nap Rucker, two of baseball's fastest pitchers, at the Remington Arms Co. bullet testing range in Bridgeport, CT.

Warning – Some of this 1912 information is wrong – working on it today 10/10/2014

According to the book 'Walter Johnson, Baseball's Big Train's6, the device was a tunnel of fine wires with a 2ftx2ft opening ending at a steel plate. The ball would trip the wires and register the time and then measure the arrival time at the steel plate. The device was about 60 feet away and was shoulder height, so Johnson had a hard time getting his sidearm pitches through. So, the speed was actually measured at 75 feet. Johnson's best was 122 fps, Rucker's at 113, both on their 3rd and final tries.

However there is contradictory info in the Sporting Life 11/16/1912 article, Walter Johnson's Speed Excels That of All Pitcherss6, the device had a round opening with some charged electric wires, and 5 feet behind that was a charged steel plate (not sure if the housing for this device is 5 feet or 15 feet?). The pitchers stood 25 feet away. Results were 125 fps for Johnson and 115 fps for Rucker. Johnson took 4 attempts, Rucker hit it on the first try.

And further contradictory info in 10/25/1912 The Hardware Reporter article, First Test of Speed of Pitched Ball in World's Historys6:

The frame was three feet square (no mention of the opening size/shape), each pitcher threw 3 times and the best time was their last with Johnson at 122 fps and Rucker at 113 fps.

Device 5ft vs. 15 ft – there were some contradictory reports over the length of the device itself – some say 5 yards, some 5 feet, and one says 15 feet.

122 fps vs. 125 fps – since the Dec 1912 Baseball Magazine article is actually titled 'One Hundred and Twenty-two Feet a Second', and the editor F.C. Lane actually attended the test, plus the Hardware Reporter article listed the 3 test pitches for each pitcher 120,121, then 122 fps for Johnson and 106, 109, then 113 fps for Rucker, I am going to assume that 122 fps is the reliable speed number (vs. 125 fps mentioned in the 1912 Sporting Life).


Assuming 15 foot tunnel story (least likely to me)
Assuming they were 60.5 feet away from the opening, plus half of the 15ft tunnel averaged at 7.5 ft – add 12.2 mph (68/50*9mph) to get to the 50ft FFE – and add, not deduct 1.4 mph (7.5/50*9mph) to get plate speed:

• Walter Johnson, 122 fps (83.2 mph), or 84.6 mph plate speed, or 95.4 mph FFE
• Nap Rucker, 113 fps (77.0 mph), or 78.4 mph plate speed, or 89.2 mph FFE

Assuming 25 feet away story
Assuming they were 25 feet away – add 4.5 mph (25/50*9mph) to get to 50ft FFE, and deduct 4.5 mph (25/50*9mph) to get to plate speed:

• Walter Johnson, 122 fps (83.2 mph) at 25 ft, or 78.7 mph plate speed, or 87.7 mph FFE
• Nap Rucker, 113 fps (77.0 mph) at 25 ft plate, or 72.5 mph plate speed, or 81.5 mph FFE

Here is how the 10/25/1912 Hardware Reporter article described the chronograph device:

Ballistic engineers had skillfully adapted the chronograph, an instrument employed in accurately testing Remington-UMC [Union Metallic Cartridge] ammunition, to measure in seconds the flight of a baseball, and at the suggestion of F.C. Lane, editor of the Baseball Magazine, the rather elaborate test had been arranged.

When the speed of the rifle bullet is to be determined on the chronograph, the arm is placed in a fixed position at a known distance from a large 5-16th-inch steel plate at the end of an enclosed range, something like an elongated shooting gallery of the common type.

Over the muzzle of the gun a thin copper wire is stretched.  The speeding bullet cuts the wire and electrically releases an upright rod on the recording instrument at the rear of the weapon.  The impact of the bullet on the steel plate, in the same manner, releases a knife which nicks the bar as it falls past a given point and from the distance recorded on the bar, the length of time required for the missile to travel from wire to plate is computed in feet per second.

One of the changes necessary to meet the requirements of the 'pitching arm' was to arrange a network of copper wires over a frame about three feet square, through which the ball was thrown.  This frame was mounted on an upright standard and was raised or lowered to correspond with the heights of the pitchers or the styles of ball to be delivered.

Controversy over the date of the speed tests6

A national article from October 1912 said that Johnson and Rucker left on Saturday the morning before their last regular season game on Oct 5, 1912 (not the next day) and made the 55 mile round trip to Bridgeport in 2 hours, traveling in a big Franklin car with the Baseball Magazine editor, some NY World writers and AP Lane, a champion pistol shooter.

Press

Walter Johnson, Wonderful Hurler, Who Can Snap the Ball 122 Feet a Second—Prevents the Mightiest Batsmen of the American League From Making a Run for 56 Consecutive Innings—Throws a Baseball Faster than the best Speed of the Twentieth Century Limited.

SO sang a minor poet of the major leagues. The hero of this baseball epic was Walter Johnson, the marvellous pitcher of the Washington Club, who has just beaten all records by hurling the ball for fifty-six consecutive innings with such skill and cunning that not a batsman of an opposing club has been able to score a run.

Speed, was the great factor in the achievement— dazzling, sizzling speed! The big Idahoan's delivery is like the flight if a shell. The mightiest hitters of the American League are as helpless as town lot players when Johnson turns loose his fastest ball; "Tv" Cobb, "Home Run" Baker and Jackson alike are babes in his hands.

Johnson's amazing swiftness in pitching is no mere fancy. It has been scientifically measured. In the testing room of the Remington Arms Company at Bridgeport. Conn., Johnson showed that his right arm could hurl the baseball at the rate of 122 feet a second! It was acknowledged that he could do even better, because in athletic parlance he was not warmed up.

It is well known that a hurler gathers speed as a game progresses. 

Johnson hung the sphere through an aperture in a frame of wood about two feet square. Running from top to bottom there were ten very delicate and filmy? copper wires. These were broken by the ball, and by an electrical device the moment of passage was accurately timed. Five yards away was a steel plate and the impact of the ball on this barrier again caused the electric clock to register. Thus the exact time of the ball's flight was mathematically determined.

The velocity obtained by Johnson is all the more extraordinary when it is known that a bullet from the new Government .45 automatic pistol travels 800 feet per second.

A high power hunting rifle, .35 calibre, auto-loading, travels 2,000 feet per second.

'The Twentieth' Century Limited, the fastest long-distance train in the world, makes the 978.7 miles from New York to Chicago in just twenty hours, or an average speed of 48.9 miles every hour. This means a velocity of nearly seventy-two feet a second.

Suppose Johnson's speedball kept on travelling at 122 feet a second right on toward the Windy City at its own hurricane speed. It would eat up the 5,163,840 feet to Chicago in Just 11 hours, and 48 minutes. The ball would beat the train to Chicago by 8 hours and 12 minutes. In other words, the catcher who received the ball could go to bed, have a full night's rest, get up and into his uniform again, and be on hand in the morning to meet the Twentieth Century as she rolled into Chicago.

Putting it another way—the train leaves New York at 2.45 P. M. daily. Time is set back at Buffalo by just an hour, so that the onrushing train gains sixty minutes on her Westward journey. Eleven hours and forty-eight minutes after the start Johnson's bender has reached Chicago, or at 1.33 A. M. Chicago time, the roaring locomotive has just plunged through Cleveland with stopping, more than 350 miles away.

The striking energy of Johnson's missile was shown to be 160 foot pounds. That means that it possessed approximately half the force in impact of a bullet fired ; from a .45 automatic pistol!

According to these figures, it takes less than half a second for a ball thrown by Johnson at his high speed to travel from his fingers to catcher's glove!

That is why he bewilders even the quickest witted batsman. He isn't able to guess whether it is a straight ball, or an in or an out curve, a drop, or whether the sphere is going to jump up into the air in defiance of the law lof gravity.

"Any time you get a hit off Johnson," declared Napoleon Lajoje, himself one of the most formidable wielders of the bat that the game ever knew, "you must not think that you're smart. Just figure that you're lucky —lucky that you were able to make that blind swing at just the right spot. There never was, and I doubt if there if ever will be, a pitcher as great as Johnson. If he turned loose his very hardest throw with his best curve on it no catcher could get down in time to receive the ball.

"Every ball he throws has stuff on it that can't be solved. Some of the hops that his swiftest ones take are bigger curves than a man ever threw before. I've seen him slam balls up to the plate that didn't look larger than a pinhead."

Not surprising, is it, that Johnson is such a terror?

The quiet, modest young Idaho youth -he is only twenty-five years old – also fooled his opponents into giving him another record. Last year he struck out 303 men in 386 innings. None of the other wizards could touch that mark. Before he became a big leaguer striking out batsmen was merely a pastime for him. Out in Weiser, when only nineteen, he was playing in the Idaho State League, and among the performances credited to him was the striking out of the first eight men who faced him in an important game, and he later struck out eleven other men during the nine innings.

Why Isn't Sidd Finch's 168 mph On This List? What about Goose Gossage at 103 mph?

George Plimpton wrote an article in Sports Illustrated (now a dead link see our text archive here) on April 1, 1985 about an up and coming Mets pitcher named Sidd Finch that threw 168 mph as measured by the new JUGS radar guns.

Well, it turns out the article was an elaborate April Fools Joke... a hoax. The Mets organization was in on it.

It created such an uproar, that Sports Illustrated had to issue a Letter From the Publisher two weeks later to clear it all up and confirm that it was all a hoax.

In 2013, Sports Illustrated themselves fell for the hoax. We noticed in the 3/8/2013 SI article that Goose Gossage threw 103 mph. The source link is George Plimpton's April Fools 1985 hoax article above. Considering the nature of the Plimpton article, we have our doubts about 103 mph for the Goose.

The Sidd Finch article says "The highest number that the JUGS had ever turned for a baseball was 103 mph, which it did, curiously, twice on one day, July 11, at the 1978 All-Star game when both Goose Gossage and Nolan Ryan threw the ball at that speed."

ahem...Nolan Ryan isn't listed on the roster or the reserve list for the 1978 All Star Game.

The hoax is still alive.

Good Articles Related to Fastest Speeds u8

• 4/4/2011 Tom Verducci's article in Sports Illustrated Radar Love
• 2006 fastest speeds per Damon Lichtenwalner, Baseball Info Solutions, and quantity of 100+ pitches per The Bill James Handbook 2007 (2006 stats) as referenced
• Guinness World Record Pitcher
• Speed Trap for an Angel Sports Illustrated article on Nolan Ryan's record setting pitches
• The Bringer Of The Big Heat -To say Nolan (Four No-Hitter) Ryan is fast is an understatement. Even his curve has been clocked at 85 mph 6/16/1975 Sports Illustrated article by Ron Fimrite
• A GREAT HAND WITH THE OLD COWHIDE The man in the saddle, cattle rancher Nolan Ryan of Alvin, Texas, still burns his brand on baseball after 20 years and 4,259 strikeouts 9/29/1986 Sports Illustrated article by Ron Fimrite
• Remembering Ryan and info on the laser machine
• Dr. Alan Nathan's Guide to Pitch F/X – by Mike Fast
• Baseball Almanac Fastest Pitchers has image of stadium readings
• 15 Fastest Pitchers Ever Recorded in Bleacher Report 4/20/2011
• RAPID ROBERT Can Still Bring It by Frank Deford 8/8/2005

Sources for Radar Era – 1975 on

• (r1) A John Dewan article, What are they feeding Zumaya dated October 26, 2006 in Bill James Online lists the qty of pitches per year 2002-2006, in addition to the leader and his qty each year

  MLB 2002 	106 	Billy Wagner – 42
  MLB 2003 	204 	Billy Wagner – 159
  MLB 2004 	82 	Kyle Farnsworth – 30
  MLB 2005 	134 	Daniel Cabrera – 37
  MLB 2006 	335 	Joel Zumaya – 233
  

• (r2) qty 100+ for 2004 per Michael O's The Metropolitans blog recapped Bill James Book 2005 (2004 stats)

  Kyle Farnsworth led the Majors and threw more pitches over 100 MPH than all other pitchers combined in 2004 in the AL. He threw thirty, Wagner threw eight, Burnett threw four, and Edwin Jackson threw two to round out the NL leaders.

• (r3) Taken from stadium radar gun during a game per baseball-almanac.com
• (r4) Baseball Almanac has image of stadium readings
• (r5) TheSmartMarks forum on 12/24/2004 indicated that Jesus Colome had 8 pitches 100+ in 2004.

  Kyle Farnsworth threw 30 pitches over 100 mph. The next highest pitchers (Billy Wagner and Jesus Colome) had eight. Rich Harden threw the most pitches over 95 mph (746).

• (r6) A Baseball Analysts 12/10/2003 article The Handiest Reference Book of 'Em All by Rich Lederer said

  Billy Wagner led the major leagues with 159 pitches thrown at 100+ mph. The next highest was Colon with 12. Kyle Farnsworth (8), Jorge Julio (4), Josh Beckett (3), Jesus Colome (3), Francisco Cordero (2), Tom Gordon (2), and Braden Looper (2) were the only other pitchers in the majors to throw more than one pitch at 100 mph. Wagner also placed third in the majors in the number of pitches thrown at 95+ mph, a remarkable achievement for a reliever. Wood was number one in the latter category with 1,138.

• (r7) A John Dewan article, Who threw the most 100+ MPH pitches? dated January 5, 2006

  Daniel Cabrera, Baltimore 	37
  Billy Wagner, Philadelphia 	18
  A.J. Burnett, Florida 	17
  Kyle Farnsworth, Detroit-Atlanta. 	15 (He was the 2004 leader with 30)
  Seth McClung, Tampa Bay 	11
  Bobby Jenks, Chicago White Sox 	10
  

• (r8) 2006 fastest speeds per Damon Lichtenwalner, Baseball Info Solutions as noted in Jerry Crasnick's ESPN article on 3/26/2007 High Speed Pursuit
• (r9) 2006 quantity of 100+ pitches per The Bill James Handbook 2007 (2006 stats) as referenced in Jerry Crasnick's ESPN article on 3/26/2007 High Speed Pursuit
• (r11) Mark Lowe 102 mph on 8/2/2006 per SeattleSt.com 'Lowe struck out Ramon Hernandez on a pitch that the Camden Yards radar gun recorded at 102 mph', a news article by Larry Larue with the Tacoma News-Tribune 'Holding a one-run lead in the eighth inning Wednesday, rookie Mark Lowe threw a fastball the Camden Yards radar gun clocked at 102 miles per hour', and another blogger a commenter at 2:22pm noted 'According to the radar gun mark lowe just threw 102'
• (r13) Jayson Stark ESPN 6/14/2010 article Three Strikes: Amazing weekend says:

  with the help of ESPN stats guru Katie Sharp, and our friends from Inside Edge and pitch f/x, we compiled a list of every home run we could track down against a pitch measured in triple digits. 
  
  June 13, 2010: Travis Hafner off Stephen Strasburg, 100 mph
  Aug. 1, 2009: Jonny Gomes off Ubaldo Jimenez, 100 mph
  April 10, 2007: Corey Patterson off Joel Zumaya, 100 mph
  Aug. 19, 2005: Chris Shelton off Brandon League, 101 mph
  June 18, 2003: Luis Gonzalez off Billy Wagner, 100 mph
  May 9, 2002: Mike Sweeney off Bartolo Colon, 100 mph
  

• (r14) Wagner 2004 – Billy Wagner threw 101 on 4/16/2004 per Sam Carchidi Philly Inquirer 4/17/2004 article A win, according to plan Phils take 2d straight behind power and pitching

  Wagner had the 39,613 fans standing and waving white rally towels during his overpowering ninth inning, one in which he struck out two, one on a 101 m.p.h. fastball. Four of Wagner's nine pitches reached at least 100 m.p.h. on the scoreboard.

  and Don Bostrom with The Morning Call 4/17/2004 article The Phillies' Big Three delivers

  The Phillies don't figure to lose many games this year in which sluggers Pat Burrell and Jim Thome both go deep and elite closer Billy Wagner is rushing it up there at 101 mph.

• (r15) Verlander 2006 – ESPN game recap Tigers win fifth straight with sweep of slumping Mariners

  Justin Verlander came out throwing 100 mph and higher in the first inning. When he settled down into the upper 90s, the Mariners didn't have a chance. Verlander, who hit 100 and 101 mph against Richie Sexson in the first inning and didn't allow a hit until Yuniesky Betancourt's two-out single in the fifth.

• (r16) Wagner 1998 – New York Times 8/10/1998 article NATIONAL LEAGUE: ROUNDUP; McGwire and Sosa Take a Few Walks

  ASTROS 11, PHILLIES 2
  
  Billy Wagner pitched for the first time since being hit in the head by a line drive.
  
  Wagner received a standing ovation when he came to the mound for the ninth inning. He struck out Bobby Estalella for the first out, gave up a double to Jon Zuber and hit 100 miles per hour on the radar gun with a pitch to Doug Glanville.
  

• (r17) Nen 1997 -Robb Nen, Marlins, threw 102 mph in Game 1 of the 1997 World Series 10/18/1997 per Sun Sentinal 10/20/1997 and LA Times. I could not find any references to Nen throwing 102 4 games later in Game 5 10/23/1997 as reported by baseball-almanac.com
  
  I captured the 102 mph stadium reading from a youtube of the Game 1 1997 broadcast (see 21:09-21:43)
  
  An AP story on 10/20/1997 by Steven Wine Gale warning: Nen's heat blows Indians away provided the most details

  Robb Nen really can throw 100 miles per hour.
  
  He did it four consecutive times Saturday night during Game — of the World Series. When two pitches registered at 102 mph on the scoreboard radar gun, the crowd of 67,245 gasped in awe.
  
  David Justice somehow managed to pull a 102 mph pitch into right field for a single. Then, Matt Williams reached on an infield single.
  
  Jim Thome, who hit 40 home runs this season, stepped to the plate hoping to continue the Indians' recent pattern of late-inning heroics.
  
  "I was looking for a ball to drive and tie up the ballgame," he said.
  
  Instead, he swung and missed at a 102-mph fastball for strike three.
  

• (r18) Per Tom Verducci, Sports Illustrated, 10/9/1995 (bad link now archived here at page 1 and page 2 ), and The Baltimore Sun, 9/17/1995 page 2

  "Marlins pitching coach Larry Rothschild on Braves closer Mark Wohlers, after watching him consistently hit 103 on the speed gun... Wohlers wasn't under 100 the whole time"

  and a 10/7/1995 Philly Enquirer article Wohlers Gets Raves, Saves For Atlanta by Phil Sheridan and Diane Pucin, INQUIRER STAFF WRITERS

  Mark Wohlers' fastball lights up radar guns at speeds up to 103 m.p.h.

• (r19) Jenks 2004 – Per MLB.com writer Doug Miller in a 4/21/2004 article:

  Jenks, 23, is one of the hardest-throwing prospects in baseball, with a fastball that regularly reaches 98-100 mph and registered 103 mph on a radar gun in Puerto Rico last winter.

• (r20) Jenks 2005 – 8/27/2005 Jenks 102 mph reading was witnessed by a blogger Jamie in Seattle
• (r21) Josh Beckett 102mph in 2004 – an Associated Press game recap on 4/18/2004 for the night before said

  Chipper Jones and the Atlanta Braves are slowing down the Florida Marlins. Jones homered for the second straight night, and Russ Ortiz outpitched Josh Beckett to lead the Braves over the World Series champions, 4-1, last night in Atlanta.
  
  Beckett (1-1) entered with a 0.64 ERA that soared to 2.21. His fastball was recorded as high as 102 miles per hour and he struck out seven, but he allowed four runs in 6 1/3 innings.
  

• (r22) Mark Wohlers 101 1995 – Bob Nightengale LA Times 7/6/1995 article One-Pitch KO Leaves Braves Feeling Chipper : Dodgers: Jones homers on Seanez's first delivery in ninth to give Atlanta 4-1 victory. Nomo strikes out 10, doesn't figure in decision. for a game the night before

  He [Lasorda] was annoyed that Brave closer Mark Wohlers threw 101 m.p.h. by one radar gun's estimation in the ninth inning.

• (r23) Justin Verlander radar vs post-season Pitch F/X 2006 – radar per Tim Sullivan in his 10/12/2006 article SignOnSanDiego Padres should rue one that got away discussing the playoff game the night before

  Verlander reached 103 mph in the third inning last night, and earlier hit 101 while pitching from the stretch position.

• (r24) AJ Burnett 4/13/2005 – AJ Burnett threw 101 mph
• (r25) Matt Lindstrom 5/16/2007 – 5/17/2007 MLB article by Joe Frisaro (game the night before) 'Matt Lindstrom worked through the eighth inning, striking out two while giving up one hit. The hardest thrower on the team, Lindstrom had one fastball clocked at 102 mph on the stadium scoreboard.'
• (r26) Mark Wohlers 1995 World Series – I reviewed film of every pitch Wohlers made in the 1995 World Series. Game 2 10/22/95 8th Thome 98,99 (per game 3 broadcast, this was his high for the game) – 9th Amaro ?,98,98,98,95 – the other speeds were not displayed. Game 3 displayed pitches 8th Vizqel 97,97,? – 9th Belle ?,100,85,84,99 – Murray 99 – 10th Ramirez ?,83,98,99,?. Game 4 displayed pitches 9th Manny Ramirez 97,98,99,?,? home run – P Sorrento ?,?,99,?,?. Game 6 displayed pitches 9th none.
• (r27) A.J. Burnett 5/31/2005 104 mph stadium radar – CBS game recap for Marlins game on 5/31/2005 said:

  One of Burnett's fastballs was clocked at 104 mph on the PNC Park scoreboard.

  Jeff Passan with Knight Ridder in The Spokesman-Review on 6/21/2005 Speed Zone said

  [In] Pittsburgh's PNC Park on May 31 [2005]. Florida starter A.J. Burnett, known for a fastball that occasionally touches triple digits, unleashed a heater that read 104 mph on the scoreboard. The Pirates turned off the gun before you could say 'bogus'.

  In a 6/2/2005 blog posting (I can't find the original article), it implies that the 104 reading was not considered credible at the time

  As the Miami Herald reports, "Several scouts confirmed that Marlins pitcher A.J. Burnett did not hit 104 mph with a first-inning fastball Tuesday. The PNC Park scoreboard registered that figure on a pitch Burnett threw to Freddy Sanchez, drawing amused looks from players on both benches. The scoreboard was turned off and recalibrated after that. Scouts said Burnett was consistently hitting in the upper 90s and low 100s."

  Another blog posting on 6/6/2005 says

  per Ben Maller's Sports Rumors & Notes (link is dead): "Several scouts confirmed that Marlins pitcher A.J. Burnett did not hit 104 mph with a first-inning fastball Tuesday. The PNC Park scoreboard registered that figure on a pitch Burnett threw to Freddy Sanchez, drawing amused looks from players on both benches. The scoreboard was turned off and recalibrated after that. Scouts said Burnett was consistently hitting in the upper 90s and low 100s."

Other Sources – see Radar section above for Radar Era Sources

• (s1) Ryan – As told by Tom Lederer, the pitcher who first tested the laser in Rockwell's parking lot, at BaseballAnalysts.com. Note the Angels were scared to call the device by it's correct name, laser radar, and instead called it "infrared radar" in the press.
  Guinness Book of World Records page
• (s2) Pitch F/X – Per MLB article 10/2/2007, 'Pitch-f/x adds insight to watching games'.
• (s3) Ryan – Dan Hafner in the 9/2/1974 LA Times said

  The infrared beam from a low-power transmitter is aimed at a spot 9 or 10 feet in front of home plate.
  

  from the book High Heat by Tim Wendel p113

  Four Rockwell International scientists rigged up an infrared radar device from the press box.  Fans were invited to guess to the nearest one-tenth of a mile per hour how fast Ryan could throw.  Entries were sent care of Ryan Express at the Angels, with the grand prize being a trip for two to the American League Championship Series that season.
  
  The event was hyped by CBS Sports, and by the time the day came around – a September 7 game versus the Chicago White Sox – Ryan had had enough hoopla. "I didn't like it," he said afterward. "It takes too much away from your concentration."
  
  The infrared device only tracked strikes, and Ryan voiced his concern that "a lot of balls outside the strike zone have more velocity." A pitched ball need to pass through an infrared beam 17 inches wide and 2 inches high to record a reading.
  
  ... For the record, Ryan's best clocking by infrared was 100.9 miles per hour.
  
  ...Rockwell International acknowledged that Ryan was actually clocked approximately 45 after the ball left his hand, rather than at home plate.  The rule of thumb tends to be that a pitched ball loses up to 10 miles per hour by the time it reaches the plate.  So, in this case, "that means on a modern gun, Ryan was at best throwing 105.9 miles per hour," says John-William Greenbaum, who besides knowing a lot about Steve Dalkowski is an expert on testing devices, too.
  

  Per Ron Fimrite's Sports Illustrated article 9/16/1974 after the second test/game, Speed trap for an Angel

  As Ryan mowed down the Chicago White Sox 3-1 last Saturday for his 18th win of the season, a team of electronics technicians from Rockwell International fidgeted upstairs in the press box with some complicated radar timing equipment. The results supported Ryan's own contention that he throws harder in the late innings, for his fastest pitch of the night was the third one he threw to the Sox' Bee Bee Richard, who led off the ninth inning.
  
  Rockwell timed that high hard one at 100.8 mph, exceeding the 98.6 mph once recorded by Bob Feller with entirely different equipment. Under less official conditions Ryan had thrown even faster. During an 11-inning game on Aug. 20 in which Ryan fanned 19 Detroit Tigers, the technicians timed two of his pitches at 100.9 miles per hour.
  

• (s4) Feller – From the book "Ebbets to Veeck to Busch: Eight Owners Who Shaped Baseball", by Alan Boxerman, 2003
• (s5) Feller 1946 – Per NY Times April 15, 1990 article by Dave Anderson, page 2 where he interviewed Feller

  My fastball was once timed at 98.6 mph by photo-electric cells at home plate, but by then it was losing speed, maybe as much as 15 mph. That was long before the radar gun they use now... On a radar gun, I would have averaged 105 to 107 mph.

  Per New York Times 8/20/1946 article

  Prior to the start of the game against the Senators in Washington, using the U.S. Army's Sky Screen Chronograph, Bob Feller's fastball is clocked at 98.6 miles-per-hour breaking Yankees' hurler Atley Donald's 1939 speed record of 94.7 mph.

  Per Syracuse Post Standard (New York) Monday, August 14, 1989 article Feller Knows His Smoke Ranks in Fast Company by Steve Jacobson, a columnist for Newsday

  From the mound, he said, he was timed at 98.6, which some lists include as Feller's mark, but that was terminal velocity, not the average speed of Ryan's mark. “I went right in front of the plate and threw through the triangle.” Feller said “It was was 117.2 mph.” That was muzzle velocity.
  “Add there and divide by 2 and you get 107.9.” he said “Then I went to 30 feet, 3 inches and was timed at 107-plus.
  “Then I went out and pitched 13 innings to win, 3-1”.
  

• (s6) 1912 Speed Test – Per the 1998 book "Walter Johnson, Baseball's Big Train", by Henry Thomas, pp. 104-105

  On October 6 Johnson went from New York to Bridgeport, Connecticut, and the Remington Arms Company's bullet-testing range, for an attempt to gauge the velocity of his pitches.  The frequent discussions about Johnson's speed prompted Baseball magazine editor F.C. Lane to put it to a scientific test, after first clearing the idea with Griffith.  Also to be clocked was Brooklyn's Nap Rucker, said to be the fastest pitcher in the National League.
  
  The rudimentary testing apparatus consisted of a tunnel of fine wires ending at a steel plate.  A projectile tripped the wires as it passed through, registering the time, which was then compared to the time of arrival at the steel plate to gauge the speed.
  
  After a few warm-up tosses against the steel plate, and still in street clothes, Johnson stepped in, but the tunnel was at shoulder height to measure bullets fired from a standing position and at first Johnson couldn't get his sidearm throws to go straight through to the plate. "At length, however," it was reported, "after some effort and with a consequent loss of speed in an attempt to place the ball accurately, the sphere was successfully hurled in the proper direction, broke one of the fine wires in its transit and collided with a heavy thud against the steel plate." Johnson's best throw was clocked at 122 feet per second (82 m.p.h.), Rucker's at 113, both on their third and last tries.
  

  and the Dec 1912 Baseball Magazine article by F.C. Lane
  and per W.J. Macbeth's Sporting Life 11/16/1912 article, Walter Johnson's Speed Excels That of All Pitchers

  The first test was made recently at Bridgeport, Conn., in the factory of a well-known gun firm.
  
  Walter Johnson, the crack pitcher of the Washington team, and Nap Rucker, the fork-hand speed boy of the Brooklyn Dodgers, were the pioneers of scientific exploitation.
  
  Johnson also established conclusively that he is the speedier hurler for he propelled a ball many feet faster per second than did the illustrious southpaw.
  
  At a distance of 25 feet Johnson's pitch travels at a rate of at least 125 feet per second
  
  Rucker, who is renowned as a "smoke" slinger, does not approach in velocity by ten feet per second.
  
  The test of speed for these illustrious pitchers was made with an appliance used to measure the velocity of the projectiles from firearms.
  It is a simple enough arrangement, in which electricity figures very prominently. Across a disc-shaped opening are stretched a number of lightly charged electric wires so fine that the breaking of them expands but an infinitesimally small portion of the velocity of a thrown base ball. Five feet behind these wires is a steel plate, also charged.
  
  The ball is hurled into the opening. The exact time from the breaking of a wire until the background is hit is registered.
  
  By calculating the distance of five feet with the fractional second consumed in traversing it, the happy result is arrived at. Expert gun men declare that the mechanism is so finely arranged that calcula
  tions may be made into fractional feet per second.
  
  Walter Johnson had a great deal more difficulty in hitting the "bull's-eye" than did Rucker. It took four pegs by Johnson to find the mark.
  
  Rucker was more fortunate on his first attempt, but after that had more or Jess difficulty.
  
  Rucker was satisfied after his trials that Johnson had the more smoke, but he was not satisfied that he had developed the speed of which he is capable..
  

  and per 10/25/1912 The Hardware Reporter article First Test of Speed of Pitched Ball in World's History
  (see text in the 1912 section)
  
  and per a 1/2/2011 article The First Baseball Speed Gun

  A remarkable article in the December, 1912, issue of Baseball Magazine showed that the first accurate measurements were made decades before the invention of the modern-day radar gun. Titled “One Hundred and Twenty-two Feet a Second!”, the piece sought to measure the speed of the pitches thrown by future Hall of Famer Walter Johnson, widely considered the hardest thrower of his era.

  Per October 20, 1912 The Topeka Daily Capital from Topeka, Kansas, Page 6

  SPEED OP PITCHED BALLS.
  
  Walter Johnson, star pitcher of the Washington Americans, and Nap Rucker, champion southpaw of the Brooklyns, recently established two new records. They succeeded in timing the speed of a pitched ball for the first time in the history of the world, and in order to do this made a record breaking run in an automobile from New York to Bridgeport, Connecticut, and return.
  
  The trip was taken one Saturday morning and both pitchers had to be in New York for games that afternoon.
  
  They left New York at an early hour in a big Franklin touring car, accompanied by the editor of the Baseball Magazine, one of the feature writers of the New York World and A. P. Lane, champion pistol shot of the world.
  
  The distance traveled was 55 miles and in returning to New York the distance had to be made in less than two hours. This was a record run miles was over city pavements.
  
  Johnson's best speed record in throwing a baseball, which was made in the test room of the Remington Arms U-M-C company at Bridgeport, was 122 feet per second. The best that Rucker could do was 113 feet per second.
  
  The speed for a new government Colt .45 calibre automatic revolver is 800 feet per second, which is about 6 times the speed of Johnson's pitched ball.
  
  A high-powered hunting rifle of .35 calibre has a velocity of 2,000 feet per second, or about 16 times Johnson's best record. 
  
  

  Per 7/6/1913 San Francisco Call article Swiftest Pitcher's Amazing Record

  see 1912 section for excerpts
  

• (s7) Dalkowski Speed Test – Per baseball-almanac.com
• (s8) Dalkowski - Per HardballTimes and Pete McEntegart, Sports Illustrated, 6/30/2003 [updated SI link]

  In an exhibition game that spring [1958] against the Cincinnati Reds in Baltimore's Memorial Stadium, with his parents watching, Dalkowski fanned the side in the ninth on just 12 pitches. He would never again pitch in a big league ballpark.
  
  In 1958 the Orioles took Dalkowski to the Aberdeen (Md.) Proving Ground to measure his heater.
  
  The experiment did not go well. Dalkowski had pitched the night before and was throwing from a flat surface rather than a mound.
  
  Worse, he spent a maddening 40 minutes trying to throw the ball through a laser beam emanating from a metal box about the width of the plate.
  
  When he finally got the ball through the laser, the pitch clocked in at 93.5 mph, and everyone went home.
  

  and William Blewett's 2013 book (p.58) The Science of the Fastball

  The only known scientific speed measurement to which his fastball was subjected occurred in June 1958 at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland,
   where he threw 93.5 mph into a Lumiline on flat ground.
  

  and Ron Shelton's 7/21/2009 Baltimore Sun article Legend of the Fall

  Dalko pitched in a time before radar guns, so nobody is really sure how fast he threw. But the Orioles took him to the Aberdeen Proving Ground and lined him up 60 feet, 6 inches from a tube that judged wind speed. Without a mound, in sneakers, Dalko fired at the tube for nearly an hour, his pitches registering in the mid-90s. Some guess his fastball from a mound approached 110 mph.
  

• (s9) 1939 speed tests Atley Donald – Per Thomas Van Hyning in an undated SABR biography piece Atley Donald

  On August 30 [1939], a primitive machine in Cleveland clocked Atley’s fastball at 94.7 miles per hour, significant because it put him in the “same league” with Bob Feller, albeit a tad faster than Feller at that moment.
  

  Per a UP article dated 8/31/1939 (found in the 9/1/1939 Lodi News-Sentinal)

  CLEVELAND, Aug 31 (UP) -
  Atley Donald, the New York Yankees' sensational rookie pitcher threw a baseball at the rate of 139 feet per second, or 94.7 miles per hour here last night [8/30/1939] at Cleveland Stadium.
  
  Donald's throw was the fastest ever recorded by a speedometer owned by the Cleveland baseball club.  The former record was held by Outfielder Dee Miles of the Philadelphia Athletics at 136 feet per second.  In 1917 Christy Mathewson was timed at 134 feet per second by a ballistics measurement device in an arms laboratory at Bridgeport, N.Y.
  

  Per an article (found in the November 25, 1939 The Record-Argus from Greenville, Pennsylvania, Page 4)

  Today we'd like to hark back to the baseball season for a few minutes to review the results of the "speed meter" device which made its appearance up Cleveland way during the summer months.
  
  In the four months the motor was in use, approximately 27,000 major and minor leaguers and sandlotters pitched down the machine's two-foot
   v tunnel, and when the firing was all over the greatest speed recorded— 139 feet per second – was achieved by Atley Donald, of the New York Yankees,
   and Rudy York [infielder], Ralph [Red] Kress [infielder] and Roy Cullenbine [outfielder] of the Detroit Tigers.
  
  That is five feet per second faster than Walter (Big Train) Johnson achieved back in 1917 when his blinding pitching speed was tested at a Bridgeport, Conn. arms laboratory.
  
  Steve Sundra Of the New York Yankees and , Wally Moses of the Philadelphia Athletics tied with four sandlot players by heaving the apple 131 foot per second. This was the best sandlot record. "Bob Feller of the 'Cleveland Indiana, believed by many fans to be the fastest of them all, didn't fare particularly well In the meter tests. His best time was 119 feet per second. 
  

• (s10) Feller's motorcycle speed test 1940 -
  In Steve Springer's LA Times 7/9/1991 article He's Not Ready to Say Ryan's a Young Feller

  "The first time they did it was in 1941 on a street in Chicago in Lincoln Park," Feller said. "Lew Fonseca, the old ballplayer, was the film man for the American League. He set up two cameras and measured the speed of the ball by the speed of the film.
  
  "What was crazy is that they had me throwing in competition with a motorcycle. They had the motorcycle start up behind me and come racing by. I was supposed to wind up and throw just as it was passing me. I was a little late and he got about a 10-foot lead, but the film showed the ball getting to the plate ahead of the motorcycle."
  
  Feller said his pitch was measured at 104 m.p.h.
  

  In (Fox Sports analyst) Charley Rosen's 4/19/2011 article the first measured fastball

  One day early in the 1940 season, Bob Feller’s Cleveland Indians were in Chicago for a series against the White Sox when Lew Fonseca approached him before a game.  At the time, Fonseca headed the Major League Film Division, but he once was also an ex-player, good enough to lead the American League in hitting (.369) in 1929.  Fonseca’s idea was to have Feller throw his fastball in direct competition with a speeding motorcycle to determine whether the baseball or the cycle would reach home plate first.
  
  Not knowing the details of the test (which Fonseca would film), Feller showed up wearing civilian clothes, dress shoes, long pants, a white shirt, and a necktie.  The experiment was conducted on a street blocked off by the police near Lincoln Park, where the requisite 60’ 6” between the rubber and the plate were carefully measured and marked.  In lieu of a catcher, the target was a cantaloupe-sized bull’s-eye suspended from a wooden frame.
  
  Feller took off his tie, undid the top button of his shirt and warmed up with Fonseca for a few minutes.  When Feller was ready, the driver started his machine and began his run far enough in back of the pitcher so as to pass Rapid Robert motoring at 86-mph just as the ball was released.  But the timing was a bit off, and the motorcycle was about two feet beyond Feller when the ball came out of the pitcher’s hand. 
  
  The test had a pair of incredible outcomes:  Feller’s first and only pitch zipped through the middle of the target.  And the ball beat the motorcycle to the plate by 13 feet.
  
  Using some basic math, the speed of the pitch was determined to be 104-mph.
  

  In Feller's 4/1/1990 book 'Now Pitching, Bob Feller' pp.111/112:

  There was a lot of talk around baseball that year about how fast my pitches really were.
  
  Radar guns were a generation away, but Lew Fonseca came up with a way not only of testing my speed but illustrating it in a dramatic exhibition.
  
  Lew was producing instructional films for major league baseball, and his credentials were impressive.
  
  He got an idea to test the speed of my fast ball and capture it on film.  He wanted it to be man against machine, me against a guy on a motorcycle.  I was to throw a standard shooting target, the kind with a bull's-eye.
  
  We conducted the test on a hot day on a street along Lake Michigan in Chicago's Lincoln Park.  I was in street clothes.  Lew wanted me to take my windup with the film rolling and release the ball at the same split second that the man on the Harley Davidson went roaring by.  But there was a fraction of a second difference.  The motorcycle had a ten-foot jump on my pitch.
  
  As the test turned out, it didn't make any difference.  The baseball beat the motorcycle to the target anyway.  The cycle was going 86 miles an hour when the driver blew past me, but the baseball won by three feet.  The pitch was calculated at 104 miles an hour.
  
  It was even sweeter than that.  Despite my troubles with control, I threw the ball straight through the middle of the bull's-eye.  The whole production took one pitch.
  

  There was some bad information in the 4/5/1999 ESPN the Magazine article by Peter Gammons Big Heat

  In the '40s [it was 1940], Indians righthander Bob Feller—"Rapid Robert"—was brought to a Nevada desert [it was in Chicago] to match his fastball against a speeding motorcycle. (Feller's heater won.)
  

• (s11) Lew Fonseca – Feller 1940 – Per 2/26/2007 article The Innovations of Lew Fonseca

  these innovations can be said to have originated from the purchase of a $50 16 mm motion picture camera
  
  In 1940, pitcher Bob Feller of the Cleveland Indians was widely regarded as perhaps the hardest thrower in the major leagues. 
  
  It was almost impossible at that time, however, to gauge exactly how fast Feller was capable of hurling the baseball, radar guns having not yet been invented. Fonseca proposed to determine at least a rough idea of Feller's velocity by conducting a test.
  
  He arranged to have Feller pitch to a target while a motorcycle paralleled the trajectory of the ball at a constant speed. By filming the ball's flight against the motorcycle, Fonseca was able to draw the scientific conclusion that Feller's fastball traveled at roughly 104 miles per hour. The test provided an answer to a lot of bar bets, as well as tremendous exposure for the game, and Fonseca added the label of "scientist" to his many accomplishments. 
  

  Per 1/17/1941 Milwaukee Journal news article name here
• (s12) 1939 test Cleveland – Feller –
  Per 6/7/1939 Daily Illini article Boston Red Sox Win Pitching Meter Test

  Boston Red Sox Win Pitching Meter Test
  
  CLEVELAND , June 6. (AP) ”Three Boston Red Sox threw a baseball 122 feet a second into a new photoelectric pitching meter today. Three Cleveland Indians could do only 119 feet . Pitchers were not included in today's test but unofficially , Bob Feller of Cleveland threw three balls into the meter from a distance of 20 feet. The best mark he recorded was 119 feet. His less-touted teammate, pitcher Johnny Humphreys, recorded 127 feet. There will be a contest for pitchers later. Jimmy Foxx, Jim Tabor, and Roger Cramer made it a clean Boston sweep with the first place tie in today's fielders contest.
  

  baseball-almanac shows a Richmond (VA) Times Dispatch, June 6, 1939 AP article "Meter to Record Feller's Speed"

  John A. Crawford of the Cleveland Plain Dealer thought the idea would be useful in selection of pitching and other talents. 
  
  President Alvin Bradley of the Cleveland Indians agreed and Rex D. McDill, Cleveland electronics engineer, built the machine.
  
  The new meter, which gives an immediate reading which engineers said compared with standard laboratory meter accuracy, is built in a trailer. You throw into a hole two feet square. Just inside is a set of photo-electric tubes, and five feet back is another set. The device measures the ball's speed between the two points and flashes it on a scale facing the pitcher.
  

  baseball-almanac shows a Richmond (VA) Times Dispatch, June 7, 1939 AP article, "Humphreys' 'Hard' Un' Faster Than Feller's, Meter Shows"

  Three Boston Red Sox threw a baseball 122 feet a second into a new photo-electric pitching meter yesterday. Three Cleveland Indians could do only 119 feet.
  
  Pitchers were not included in yesterday's test but "unofficially," Bob Feller of Cleveland threw three balls into the meter from a distance of 20 feet.
   The best mark he recorded was 119 feet. His less-touted teammate, pitcher Johnny Humphreys, recorded 127 feet. There will be a contest for pitchers later.
  
  Jimmy Foxx, Jim Tabor, and Roger Cramer made it a clean Boston sweep with a first-place tie in yesterday's fielders contest.
  
  The best the Indians could do was a tie at 119 feet by Ben Chapman, Julius Solters and Jim Shilling.
  

  Per nationwide AP article dated 6/5/1939, and located in the June 6, 1939 Chicago Tribune Sports page, and the Richmond (VA) Times Dispatch, June 6, 1939, and the 6/6/1939 Lewiston Daily Sun.

  New Machine to Test Speed of Bob Feller
  
  Cleveland, O., June 5.-(AP)
  
  A series of photo-electric cells may settle arguments over who is the speedball king of the major leagues.
  
  A few amateurs warmed up today on a new pitching speed meter. Tomorrow it will test Bob Feller and any other members of the Cleveland and Boston clubs who are willing. Other American league clubs will be given a chance later.
  
  Girl First to Test It.
  
  First Miss Cappy Oguin, a visitor from Orlando, Fla., tried her speed today. Her best was 40 feet a second. A varied assortment of men followed. The best throw was 86 feet a second, the second best, 84. A man of about 60 years old did a foot for each of his years.
  
  Sponsors recalled that in 1917, in Bridgeport (Conn.) arms laboratory, Walter Johnson recorded 134 feet per second, Christy Mathewson, 127, and Smoky Joe Wood, 124. They used a gravity drop interval recorder.
  
  It's Photo Electric.
  
  The new meter, which gives an immediate reading which engineers said compared with standard laboratory meter accuracy, is built in a trailer. You throw into a hole two feet square. Just inside is a set of photo-electric tubes, and five feet back is another set. The device measures the ball's speed between the two points and flashes it on a scale facing the pitcher. 
  

• (s14) 1954 test Bob Turley – In a May 13, 1954 article by the The Sun, from Baltimore, Md., referred to at Turley's Pitch Goes 94 M.P.H. on page 23

  the article is very short. It didn't mention the sponsor and It didn't describe the measuring device,
   it just said that it was "one of those complicated electronic devices that measure the speed of a pitch."
  
  Also, it didn't report but the integer part of the 94.2 mph speed that can be found in other sources. But it let us know some facts :
      The test was on Wednesday May 12 of 1954 at Baltimore Stadium with spectators watching.
      He had served 104 pitches on a game on Sunday. ( I did not know that by then, they already counted the pitches...)
      That speed was registered "on about his twenty-fifth pitch."
      The first few pitches didn't registered "because of technical difficulties."
      Turley had it difficult to "get the ball into the measuring zone, which is considerably smaller than the strike zone."
  
  Through the Baseball Reference I found that :
      The Orioles had that day off.
      He had won that game on Sunday. Actually, he won a great game: 2-1, 10 innings, 5K, 1BB, 0ER and with only 104 pitches...Amazing!
      After this, he pitched on Friday and won again, but "only" pitched 8 innings.
  

  Per Tom Meany's article Collier's June 25, 1954, pp. 42-43:

  BOB TURLEY, rookie right-hander of the Baltimore Orioles, is the fastest pitcher in baseball today, and he has the oscillograph to prove it.  Turley's hard one has been scientifically clocked at 94.2 miles an hour.
  
  ...A Du Mont cathode-ray oscillograph test, arranged recently by Collier's, proved that Turley throws a ball from the mound through two light screens six inches apart in .00362 seconds.
  
  – Tom Meany
  
  Photo captions:
  – The Oriole pitcher suggested that he might have thrown faster, but he'd only had two days of rest since last start.
  – Below, photo-electric eye-view of the Baltimore pitcher, all passed through triangular opening, breaking beams from two photoelectric circuits set six inches apart.
  

  and an article by Dan Daniel in The Sporting News. Dec. 16, 1953 page 4 "A's Should Get Better of Deal", the O's and the press already refer to him as "Bullet" well before the bullet speed test in 1954

  Stengel had some tentative talks with Art Ehlers and Jimmie Dykes of the Orioles about Bullet Bob Turley. However, this affair never became serious.

  and a 3/31/2013 NYT article by ROBERT D. McFADDEN Bob Turley, Pitcher With a Blazing Fastball, Dies at 82

  They called him Bullet Bob, and if any proof were needed beyond the 1,265 strikeouts and 101 wins he racked up in 12 seasons in the American League, it was provided early in his career by a DuMont cathode-ray oscilloscope, whose photoelectric eye clocked his fastball at 94 to 98 miles per hour.

  Per Popular Science April 1957 article 'How Fast Does a Baseball Travel?', p123

  The Dumont Company recently used an improved electronic device with which to check figures compiled years ago by the Army. One of the tests made involved the famous pitcher of the New York Yankees, Bob Turley. Using a modified oscillograph, past which Turley threw his fastest pitch, it was found that the figure recorded checked with the pitch at the rate of 94.2 mph, or four miles under the top speed made by Bob Feller when he was in his early twenties.

• (s15) 1960 high speed camera test Turley/Koufax, etc. – In The Kansas City Star article of June 19, 1960 Who's the Fastest Pitcher By LESLIE LIEBER pp.117-118

  Who's the fastest pitcher? By LESLIE LIEBER Charles Horbutt' Rookh Vi. champ: Oriole southpaw Steve Barber pitches to Chicago's Luis Aparicio
  
  Baseball fans have been arming for years. Now, here’s the answer!
  
  Which major-league pitcher throws the fastest fast ball? Players, sports writers and fans have been arguing this point since Abner Doubleday was in the Little League.
  
  But though baseball’s Great Debate has gone on every season without letup, nobody has ever actually tried to get an answer to it.
  
  This year we figured it was time that science, busy calculating the speed of rockets to the sun, turned its attention to a problem nearer home plate.
  
  Science, in the form of a high-speed camera, co-operated, and for the first time in baseball history we have the real answer to who throws the fastest pitch.
  
  The answer is one that will surprise a lot of fans — and we think quite a few players, too. But before we divulge it, we’ll explain how we arrived at it.
  
  Several years ago ...
  
  Who’s The Fastest Pitcher? Continued from preceding page
  How the pitchers were tested.
  
  ... a group of U.S. Army scientists tried out a new timing device by clocking baseballs thrown by Bob Feller, the Cleveland Indians’ great rapid-fire artist, at 98.6 mph.
  
  A few years later the DuMont Co. measured Bullet Bob Turley’s fastest pitch on an electronic oscillograph, getting a measure of 94.2 mph.
  
  But aside from these two isolated clockings, science has never tackled this burning baseball issue.
  
  We didn’t test every pitcher in the big leagues. Instead, we first interviewed managers, coaches and leading hitters in both the American and National Leagues to get a set of nominations.
  
  Here are the six names that the experts picked as subjects for our experiment:
  
  – Herb Score, Chicago White Sox. Three years ago nearly everyone said this star left-hander was the fastest of them all, but injuries handicapped his career and made him a doubtful quantity. Still, this season our advisory board reported he seemed to be throwing as hard as ever.”
  
  – Ryne Duren, New York Yankees. Baseball’s hottest relief pitcher, this bespectacled, bazooka-armed terror had ?? one of the lowest earned-run averages in the majors last year. Most of the experts we consulted were positive Duren was the fastest pitcher throwing today.
  
  – Bob Turley, New York Yankees. Bob himself thought his speed ball had lost some of its old-time zip — but several batters disagreed with him.
  
  – Sandy Koufax, Los Angeles Dodgers. Last season he tied the major-league record by fanning 18 Giants in a game. The scout who found him said. ”A blind man would sign Koufax after hearing the ball hit the catcher’s glove.”
  
  – Don Drysdale, Los Angeles Dodgers. This flame-thrower led the league in strikeouts last season with 242 while winning 17 games and leading his team to a world’s championship.
  
  – Steve Barber, Baltimore Orioles. Steve was an unknown rookie at the start of this season, but Mickey Mantle and Moose Skowron, who batted against him in spring training, told us to be sure to check him.
  
  Baseball’s fastest pitcher Those were the six nominations.
  
  Here’s how we did the testing: We set up a high-speed movie camera which takes 50 frames a second. It photographed the ball from the pitcher’s mound until it crossed home plate — 60 feet, six inches away.
  
  By counting the number of frames it took the ball to reach the plate, our mathematicians were able to translate the velocity into miles per hour.
  
  The results were arrived at not on the basis of one pitch — but by averaging the five fastest pitches thrown by each man. The final standings are:
  1. Steve Barber ........95.55 mph
  2. Don Drysdale ........95.31
  3. Sandy Koufax ........93.20
  4  Ryne Duren ..........91.16
  5. Herb Score ..........91.08
  6. Bob Turley ..........90.75 
  
  According to these figures, man’s amazing ability to break speed records each year does not apply to baseball. None of the modern ball blazers equalled Feller’s 98.6 rate of some years back.
  
  And how did Feller’s speed rank with the ”Big Train,” Walter Johnson, who from 1907 to 1927 won 414 major-league games for a second-division club,
   striking out 3,497 batters, turning in 56 scoreless innings in succession, pitching three IT alter Johnson shutouts in three days,
   and winning 36 games in a single year?
  
   The best electronic device for timing Walter Johnson we could find was the greatest hitter of all time — Ty Cobb. “Walter Johnson !”
  
   We reached Ty Cobb on the phone in Phoenix, Ariz. ”No contest!” shouted Cobb.”Walter Johnson is without doubt the fastest pitcher baseball has ever known! I’ve batted against all the old– timers. Johnson is the only pitcher who ever made a baseball hum as it passed the batter!”
  
  So now all the votes are in. The fastest pitcher ever, according to the greatest hitter ever, is old Walter Johnson.
  
  The fastest pitcher ever recorded by science was not-so-old Bob Feller. And the fastest going in the big leagues today is young Steve Barber. The End 
  

  From the book High Heat: The Secret History of the Fastball by Tim Wendel p.112

  In 1960, Sandy Koufax was one of a half dozen pitchers to be timed by a high-speed camera in a test by This Week magazine.  Koufax was joined by his hard-throwing Dodgers teammate Don Drysdale, as well as Herb Score of the Cleveland Indians, Steve Barber of the Baltimore Orioles, and Bob Turley and Ryne Duren of the New York Yankees.  Unfortunately, the test took place in spring training and was the only time Koufax was clocked.
  
  "You would have thought they would have waited a couple of months until we were in peak condition," Drysdale told Street & Smith's Baseball magazine.  "We were told there was going to be a test of some sort but it was no big deal.  We didn't ever set up for it and it was actually done without us knowing when."
  
  Barber led the pack with an offering of 95.5 miles hour, followed by Drysdale (95.3), Koufax (93.2), Duren (91.1), and Turley (90.7).
  

• (s16) 1930 West Point Tests Koenig – Per an article in the May 28, 1937 Spokesman Review, "How fast does a ball travel"

  This was scientifically determined back in 1930 when Mark Koenig went to West Point at the request of army engineers and made a test.  As a result of the test it was found the ball goes from the pitcher to the batter at the rate of 150 feet per second,
  
  or about a mile and a half a minute rate of speed.  Going from the pitcher's box to the plate – a distance of 60 feet 6 inches – it will take approximately two-fifths of a second.  That doesn't give much time for a batter to duck a wild pitch.
  

  Per article found in 10/6/1936 Pampa (TX) Daily News p.4 [this is bad info]

  Q. How much time is taken for the ball leaving the pitcher's hand to reach the batter up?
  
  A. Mark Koenig went to West Point, New York. May 23, 1930, and, In making a speed test with a baseball before army officers, threw it at a rate of 150 feet per second.
  

  Per the Oakland Tribune Newspaper Archive: May 24, 1930 – Page 9

  Lou McEvoy High in Pitching Speed Test WEST POINT, N. Y.. May 24 – 
  
  With Mark Koenig and Lou McEvoy of the New York Yankees as demonstrators, army ballistics experts discovered yesterday that pitched balls, travel much faster than the 125-feet per second they previously had fixed as the probable average velocity of a thrown ball.
  
  Tests conducted by Capt. H.A. Nisley of the ordnance department here revealed that McEvoy would toss the ball at a rate of 150 feet per second, much to the surprise of military academy officials present.
  
  Koenig stepped before the measuring machine and almost equalled McEvoy's speed.
  
  A new reporter then tried out his arm and propelled the ball at a rate of 110 feet per second.
  
  Catching the spirit, of the thing, Capt. Nisley took a hand, but found that 90 feet per second was his best effort.
  

• (s17) 1953 Ebbets Field Test Joe Black – Per an article published in many papers nationwide, located in the Sun Jan 17, 1954 Conn. Sunday Herald, "Pitching Speed"

  Pitching Speed
  
  In answer to a query frequently posed , the speed at which a pitched baseball travels must be reckoned at approximately 85 to 90 miles an hour on the average.
  
  In a test at Ebbets Field last September, conducted by DuMont Laboratories, Inc. on a cathode-ray oscillograph, three Brooklyn [Dodger] pitchers were clocked as follows:
  
  Joe Black– 93.20 miles-per-hour, Johnny Podres – 88.50 and Bob Milliken 83.50.
  

  Per Scott Merkin MLB.com 2/10/2011 article Black was a giant on and off the field

  He became the first African-American pitcher to win a World Series game while pitching for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1952 and captured the National League Rookie of the Year Award at age 28 with 15 victories, 15 saves and a 2.15 ERA during that same season. 
  
  Black, who was a friend and roommate with Jackie Robinson while with the Dodgers, also was close with Jesse Owens, who was Martha's godfather. A group including Coleman, Black, Frank Robinson, Lou Brock, umpire Paul Runge, Garagiola and Don Baylor was dubbed "the posse" when they frequently were together, Coleman said. 
  

  Per Harold Friend's 8/18/2010 Bleacher Report article Baseball History: Hey Charlie Dressen, Leave Joe Black Alone

  In his rookie season of 1952, Joe Black won 15 games for the Brooklyn Dodgers. He lost only four times, pitched to an ERA of 2.15, an ERA+ of 171, and helped the Dodgers win the pennant.
  
  Black was voted the National League's Rookie of the Year, and finished third in the MVP balloting.
  
  Black was Brooklyn's top relief pitcher. He appeared in 54 games in relief, but manager Charlie Dressen realized that he was short of starters for the upcoming World Series against New York's other team, the New York Yankees.
  
  On Sept. 21, Black made his first start of the season, beating the Boston Braves 8-2. Joe limited the Braves to a pair of runs and three hits in his complete-game victory.
  
  Yes, a complete game after more than 50 relief appearances.
  
  In the World Series against the Yankees, Black started the first, fourth, and seventh games. Since there were no travel days, he started both the fourth game and the seventh game on two days' rest.
  
  Imagine any pitcher, much less a relief pitcher, being allowed to do that today.
  

  Per Bill Madden's 5/18/2002 New York Daily News article EX-DODGER JOE BLACK DIES 1ST BLACK PITCHER TO WIN SERIES GAME

  Unfortunately, Black's success, while meteoric, was also short-lived. After winning NL Rookie of the Year over Giants knuckleballer (and future Hall of Famer) Hoyt Wilhelm, Black never again approached that form. In '53, at the urging of Dressen, he tried to add pitches, only to lose the effectiveness of his fastball. Black won only six games in '53, pitching mostly in relief, and hurt his arm in '54. In '55, the Dodgers traded him to the Reds for outfielder Bob Borkowski, and Black ended his career in '57 with the Washington Senators. He was 30-12 with a 3.91 ERA for his career.
  

  Per 9/21/1953 Yonkers Herald Statesman article Black's Pitch 93.2 M.P.H.

  BROOKLYN – A new statistic is available for baseball record books throught the use of a precision electronic recording instrument which measures the speed of a pitched ball in miles per hour.
  
  The "cathode-ray oscilliograph" developed by Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories, Inc., was tested yesterday before the Dodgers-Phillies doubleheader.  It records the speed of a ball pitched through two frames equipped with photo-electric cells.
  
  Dodger hurler Joe Black won an informal contest in the demonstration by uncorking a 93.2 mph pitch.  Teammates Johnny Podres with 88.5, and Bob Milligan, 83.5, were the only other contestants.
  

  The photo of the day is per Johnny Podres fires his fastball a cathode-ray oscillograph

   SEPTEMBER 20: Johnny Podres fires his fastball a cathode-ray oscillograph to determine the speed at which the ball is traveling when it crosses the plate. Johnny's went 88.5, while Joe Black's registered 93.2 Bob Milliken's was caught at 83.5 – but you couldn't prove it by the way the Phils caught up with it. (Photo by Charles Hoff/NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images)
  

  The Baytown Sun 10/5/1953 article SCIENCE makes a visit to Ebbets p.9

  SCIENCE makes a visit to Ebbets Field, Brooklyn, to test the speed of a pitched ball.
  
  Of the Brooklyn pitchers tested, Joe Black, reliefer (sic), whizzed his fast ball at the recording instrument at 93.2 mph.
  
  Johnny Podres is on the mound in this test. His speed was 88.5 mph. In the test the Dumont network's cathode-ray oscillograph is used.
  (International)
  

  The Marion (OH) Star 9/22/1953 article Joe Black Gains Nod In Test of Fastball Moundsmen p18

  Joe Black Gains Nod In Test of Fastball Moundsmen BROOKLYN, N. Y , (NANA)-
  
  Sports history of sorts was made at Ebbets Field here prior to the start of a recent doubleheader between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies. In a test conducted by Du Mont Laboratories engineers, the zooming fast-ball deliveries of Dodger stalwarts Bob Milliken, Billy Loes, Johnny Podres and Ben Wade were measured in addition to those of Joe Black, last year's lifesaver In Brooklyn's 1952 drive for the National League Pennant. In the test, the hurlers pitched their fast ball before the cathode– Ray oscillograph, a product of the Du Mont Laboratories, which measures time to within the minutest fraction of a second. The baseballs were through two frames equipped with photoelectric cells. Purpose of the test was to determine whether any modern-day fast-ball twirler can pitch a baseball at a speed exceeding 100 miles– per hour. This was to be decided by the pitchers throwing a ball through two photoelectric cells so that the speed of their pitches could be accurately reproduced on the face of the cathode-ray oscillograph. This instrument would measure the time that the ball took passing between the two photoelectric screens. The time then was translated Into miles-per-hour and fractions thereof Each pitcher was to have made five deliveries but because they missed passing between the screens on some of their throws varying numbers were made until five tosses by each contender had gone before the oscillograph. Joe Black, with a toss measured at 93 20 miles per hour, was declared the winner and Johnny Podres, 88.50 M. P. H , was r a t e d second. Milliken, at 83 50 M. P. H., placed third. Thus a new statistic is available
  

  The Rome (GA?) News-Tribune 9/22/1953 article Joe Black's Fast Ball Travels 93.2 Miles Per Hour

  Joe Black's Fast Ball Travels 93.2 Miles Per Hour
  NEW YORK-(INS)-
  Brooklyn's Joe Black throws his fast ball at 93.2 miles per hour.
  
  This fact was established when the Dumont Network's cathodeday (sic) oscillograph was used to determine the speed of the pitchers before the Dodgers-Phillies doubleheader.
  
  Black was the fastest, with Johnny Podres (88.5) and Bob Milliken (83.5) following their teammate.
  
  Philadelphia Manager Steve O'Neill refused to permit Robin Roberts and Curt Simmons to take the test.  He said he didn't want to hurt their arms by forcing the to fire hard.
  

  Per a recollection of the son of Dr Christaldi, scientist at Dumont

  While at Dumont, Dr. Christaldi contributed to the design of a radar-based “speed gun” that was used by TV station WABD to clock the speed of pitches thrown in at least one broadcast of a Brooklyn Dodgers baseball game.
  
  To the best of his son’s recollection, a 90 mph fastball thrown by Joe Black was the fastest pitch registered in that game.
  

  The book Campy: The Two Lives of Roy Campanella by Neil Lanctot p183

  There were no radar guns, only DuMont's crude "cathode ray oscillograph", which clocked Joe Black's fastball at 93.2 miles per hour in a one-shot exhibition at Ebbets in 1953.
  

• (s18) 1913 Gilbreth, Giants Art Fromme – Relevant excerpt of a Popular Science magazine April 1917 article (see image posted in 1913 section), titled "Two and a Half Miles a Minute'

  Mr. FRANK B. GILBRETH, of Providence, R.I. who is known all over the world as an efficiency engineer and who has specialized in motion study...
  
  ... he studies with the camera – the motion picture camera – not with the eye.
  
  Since it is necessary to know the time occupied in carrying out a given motion, sometimes to the thousandths of a second, and since camera cranks are never turned uniformly, Mr. Gilbreth has invented a special clock which is photographed with the scene.
  
  It is a very peculiar clock; for it has only one hand which makes size revolutions per second.  That clock appears on every film and the position of its hand enables Mr. Gilbreth to determine the speed of a motion down to the one-millionth of an hour.
  
  Behind the catcher, a background is hung, ruled off into one foot squares.  Every movement of the pitcher, catcher, batter, ball and bat is photographed against that background.
  
  ... With White in the box, Mullaney catching, and Snodgrass at second...
  
  The actual time consumed from pitcher to catcher was 0.351 second – a rate of somewhat more than two miles a minute.
  
  The caption:
  ... In one of Mr. Gilbreth's tests, Fromme pitched a ball which, including the wind-up required only .99 seconds until the batter hit it.  The time consumed from the moment that it left the hand of the pitcher until it reached the bat was 0.288 seconds.  The ball therefore traveled 210.07 feet a second, or 2 2-5 miles a minute.
  
  Even speeds of 2.8 miles have been recorded.  In that case the batter occupied 0.042 seconds swinging and striking the ball; which means that he began his swing when the ball was 9.24 feet in front of him.
  

  Per Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide 1915 by John B. Foster (note that 'Brown' is Brown University) excerpts pp 23-25

  Considering that so much attention has been devoted here and there to "Inside Base Ball" the editor of the guide wishes to call attention to a most interesting article which appeared In the New York "Tribune" relative to speed requirements on the Base Ball diamond as perceived by a measuring machine. Experiments were made on the Polo Grounds at various times. As has been stated by the inventor of this machine. It is most interesting, of course, to managers to learn the ability of their players by the use of mechanism which will register to the millionth part of an hour the work of the individuals on the Base Ball field. Managers wish to crumple the foe into a shapeless mass. They try to figure everything out to the fifth of a second. Will the time soon come when a heavy heaver of the ball from right field to third will be asked to pose for the moving picture speed testing machine and obtain a card certifying that he is a whirlwind before a manager will consider his application for a Job?
  However that may be. the fruits of this exciting experience in the focus of forty thousand eyes are of interest, although for various reasons it was not possible to record all of the motions of the players stationed In front of the camera.
  
  By way of beginning the examination of the results. It may be interesting to note what the St. Louis American League players were able to do when the inexorable machine was turned upon them. Eliminating, for the sake of convenience, nil fractions below a fifth of a second, a Brown combination made a play consisting of the pitching of the ball to the batter and its return to second for a put out In 3V4 seconds. This included the short "wind-up" of the pitcher. A second test showed the same time, while a third required 3% seconds for its performance.
  In the first test of the Giants, with White in the box, Mullaney catching and Snodgrass on second, it required 4.407 seconds for the accomplishment of this cycle of play. More than half of this time, however, was occupied by the pitcher in the "wind-up" before delivering the ball. From the moment the sphere left his hand until it was in the glove of Snodgrass and on the ground behind him. only 1.697 seconds had elapsed. It is difficult for the mind to conceive the speed of the ball in the two throws or the rapidity of the reaction on the part of the catcher. Between the hand of the pitcher and the pocket made by the catcher's pair of hands the interval of time was only .351 of a second. In the course of the brief space the ball traveled at the rate of 185.185 feet a second, or slightly more than two miles a minute. The length of time required by the catcher to recover from the catch and launch the ball on its way past the pitcher to second was almost as long a period as that required for the ball to pass from the pitcher's hands to his, .317 of a second. It required only four-fifths of a second, .790 to be exact, for the winged sphere to pass over the 129 feet between the catcher and the second baseman.
  
  This is where the elimination of time counts. Suppose a runner is on first. He wishes to make the steal to second. The pitcher has the ball in his hand. The runner has taken a lead of eight feet and is on tiptoe ready to start for the second bag. He has his eye on the pitcher. The latter raises his arm for a slow "wind-up." It passes behind his head. It begins to move forward. The runner will try, although it will require a lightning dash. With the speed of the wind his feet flash along the path. He is too slow. He is not near the bag when the sound of the ball in the baseman's glove greets his ear. He Is lost. The camera will tell him the reason why. No man living could have done It on foot. The interval of time between that raised hand behind the pitcher's head and the second baseman's glove was only 2.32 seconds. In order to have covered the remaining 82 feet of his Journey from first in that time it would have been necessary for him to travel at the rate of 35.34 feet a second. Had he been able to sprint at this pace and keep it up for a hundred yards he would have established a new record of 8.49 seconds. This is more titan a second faster than the present record of 9 3/5 seconds, made in June. 1906. This is a concrete illustration of why it is so difficult for a runner to steal second if the battery makes no errors. This is an illustration of the fact "that two can play at that game." When a man can throw to second at the rate of 161.6 feet a second, or nearly two miles a minute, a runner must be a hustler to beat the sphere to the keystone bag.
  In fact, the pitching in this case was apparently by no means phenomenal, so that it might require a fleeter runner than the one pictured to fit the illustration. In one of the tests with the Giants Kromrac pitched a ball which. Including the "wind-up," required only .99 of a second until the batter hit it. The time from the moment it left the pitcher's fingers and until the bat turned Its course upon itself with a snappy crack was .288 of a second. This meant that the ball (raveled at the rate of 210.07 feet a second, or two and two-fifth miles a minute. Still another of the Giants' staff of pitchers tossed the ball to the batter In the space of .275 of a second, or at the rate of 230.30 feet a second. This Is at a rate of 2.8 miles a minute, a speed greater than anything (driven by power located within Itself) has ever attained, so far as known. According to the pictorial record in this case, the swing of the batter's bat until It struck the ball occupied .042 of a second, which would indicate that he began his swing when it was 0.24 feet in front of him. The average speed made by the (Hants' pitchers was .403172, approximately two-fifths of a second, or at the rate of 170.U075 feet a second, while that of the Brown pitchers was approximately .5 of a second, or a tenth of a second slower. The time of some of the Giants pitchers Included In the average shows that they undoubtedly were not throwing at their full speed.
  
  If a demonstration were needed, this one would serve to show that certainly one of the differences between a professional pitcher and an amateur is speed. A special timing device probably was hardly required to discover this fact, but this record does show something of what the actual difference is. It goes into the rellnements? of the subject, and if a team manager is looking for speed and a degree of curve, mathematically ascertained, before making a decision regarding a pitcher, it is now possible for him to secure this Information.
  Mental reaction plays a very important part in Base Ball. The player must make decisions and act upon them quickly. How long does it take a catcher to determine whether to throw to a baseman or not and to act upon the decision? How much time is required by any player In the field, or the batter, or the runner, to decide upon a given action and take it? The determination of this is one of 'the services which such a device as Mr. Gilbreth's may perform for tin* Base Ball manager.
  
  In this connection it is interesting to note that in the case of the Brown catcher the Interval between catching the ball and the beginning of the throw to second in one case was .7 of a second and In another .8. The catchers for the Giants in every case recorded started the ball on its flight to second within two-fifths of a second after receiving It, and the average for all was below a third of a second, one throw being made in a trifle over a quarter of a second. This would suggest that the reaction time of a catcher of long experience of the major league class Is one-half that of an average college catcher. This is a point, however, on which It would hardly be fair to generalize beyond saying that reaction Is an important element in play and that upon it hangs the success or failure of a player.
  There are opportunities for study of the actions of the runner also. This field, perhaps, offers particularly good opportunities for the application of the lessons of motion study. The speed with which the batter gets away from the plate on the journey to first may make all the difference between a hit and an out.
  
  With the assistance of the background and its scenarios? it is stated by Mr. Gilbreth that it would be possible to plot the course of the ball on its way to the home plate and to tell at what point in Its flight it began to curve. In the Brown tests it was found that the catcher who was obliged to receive the ball on the left side, if he was a right handed thrower, would have great difficulty in recovering in time to get a ball to second before a runner.
  The pictures taken at the Polo Grounds showed a number of interesting things. It was noted, in cases where the ball was struck, that the batter lilt it before the pitcher's foot had risen to its full height above the ground. This illustrates the speed with which the ball traveled. In the pictures of the Brown pitcher the ball was photographed leaving his hand before the latter had passed his body, the ball being thrown after the fashion of an apple on the end of a stick. In the pictures of the pitchers of the Giants the ball left the hand, in many cases, after It had passed the center of the swing. One showed It actually on the bat. They also demonstrated the mechanical character of the "wind-up." There was little variation in the duration of this phase of pitching a ball, although each pitcher differed from his fellows in this respect. In other words, each pitcher had n style of his own—a fact which, perhaps, it did not require a moving picture machine to demonstrate. The "windup" in .nearly every case consumed more than 50 per cent of the time occupied in the cycle of pitching a hall and returning it to the second baseman. It is a great stage play, whatever else it may be.
  

  Per a 2011 York University Master's Thesis 'Sports Psychology, Film, and the Analysis of Baseball Data' by Arlie R. Belliveau

  The first psychologists known to have intervened with a baseball team were industrial management consultants Frank and Dr. Lillian Gilbreth.
  
  In an effort to sell their industrial psychology methods to a wider audience, they filmed the pitching speed and accuracy, hitting, base stealing, and catching of the Brown University baseball team in April of 1913 (Brown, 2005; Lancaster, 2004).
  
  The Sunday Providence Journal picked up the story, and it caught the eye of Mr. George H. Daley, sports editor of the New York Tribune newspaper.
  
  Daley contacted the Gilbreths to see if they would be interested in conducting similar studies of the New York Giants baseball team.
  
  And, on May 31st of 1913 “in the presence of some 20,000 fans, and the ‘tearing’ music of a 70 member Cuban marine band whose battleship was docked offshore” Gilbreth recorded the Giants’ pitching and batting speeds and motions, as 
  well as the time needed to steal second base (F.B. Gilbreth Diaries, April 22, 1913 cited in Belliveau, 2011, p. 91). 
  
  Time and motion measurements were reported in the New York Tribune newspaper, among others that picked up the story (for example: Sporting Life, 1913).
  
  It appears, however, that this was the only communication that occurred between the psychologists and the team.
  
  Their efforts were not taken seriously, and they were not hired by the Giants to perform further micromotion analyses (New York Tribune, June 1913 cited in Belliveau, 2011).
  
  The next instance of sports psychology in American baseball did not occur until 1938 when Mr. Phillip K. Wrigley, owner of both the gum company and the Chicago Cubs baseball team, hired Dr. Coleman Griffith. Griffith 
  had opened the first sports psychology laboratory at the University of Illinois in the 1920s.
  
  He had been developing his methods with football and other college teams for several years before losing his funding during the depression (Green, 2003, 2009). 
  
  Accepting the contract, Griffith took what was considered then to be high definition films of the players. 
  He wrote extensive reports on their reaction times, and suggested altering practice efforts to mimic the real stress of a game.
  
  Unfortunately, due to skeptical players, and an uncooperative team manager, few of his suggestions were implemented, and he eventually lost the contract in 1940 (Green, 2009). Is it possible that the Cubs and Giants were 
  wrong to dismiss these psychologists so soon?
  

  Per Univ Chicago's Motion Pictures in the Human Sciences, online library and discussion forum article The Original Films of Frank Gilbreth

  The “industrial efficiency” expert Frank Gilbreth (1868-1924) conducted his motion studies, both in the United States and abroad, in factories, offices, hospitals and other workplaces between about 1910 and 1924. Gilbreth made his films with a 35 mm hand crank camera. The films below, despite their claim to be “original,” were actually compiled by James Perkins and Lillian Gilbreth after Gilbreth’s death in 1924. The original films are presumed lost. 
  

• (s19) 1933 West Point Gomez/Mungo – Book: 2008 'The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers: An Historical Compendium of Pitching', By Bill James, Rob Neyer, p.318

  Van Mungo
  
  Baseball's Famous Pitchers (Ira L. Smith, 1954)
  
  Comment: "Probably he is faster than any pitcher in the major leagues today.
  
  On an off-day last season, he went up to West Point with a party of pitchers, among them Lefty Gomez, to have his speed measured by the apparatus used at the military academy to test the speed of bullets.  Gomez made a creditable showing – but Mungo, when he cut loose, almost broke the machine."
  

  Book: Walter Johnson, Baseball's Big Train by Henry W. Thomas

  In June 1933, Van Lingle Mungo of the Dodgers and Lefty Gomez of the Yankees, two of the fastest pitchers of the era, were tested at West Point's department of ballistics and mathematics, presumably with more sophisticated equipment.  Mungo registered 113 feet per second and Gomez 111 on their best throws.
  

• (s20) various Maloney Gossage – The Book: 'The Baseball Companion', 1991 by Angus Garber III, Angus Garber and 'Inside Baseball' by Greg Garber 1996

  FASTEST PITCHERS
  Bob Feller, Cleveland Indians, 107.9 mph, 1946
  Nolan Ryan, California Angels, 100.8 mph, 1974
  J.R. Richard, Astros, 100.0 mph, 1978
  Walter Johnson, Washington Senators, 99.7 mph, 1914
  Jim Maloney, Cincinnati Reds, 99.5 mph, 1965
  Rich "Goose" Gossage, New York Yankees, 99.4, 1984
  Lee Smith, Chicago Cubs, 99.0 mph, 1984
  Steve ...
  

  The Book: "The Great All-Time Baseball Record Book", by Joseph Reichler, 1981

  Nolan Ryan, 1974 – 100.8 MPH
  J.R. Richard, 1978 – 100.0 MPH
  Walter Johnson, 1914 – 99.7 MPH
  Jim Maloney, 1965 – 99.5 MPH
  Rich Gossage, 1980 – 99.4 MPH [note the other book says 1984]
  Bob Feller, 1946 – 98.6 MPH
  
  Others of note:
  Don Drysdale, 1960 – 95.3
  Joe Wood, 1912 – 94.5
  Sany Koufax, 1960 – 93.2
  
  Christy Mathewson, 1914 – 91.3 
  

  The Book: Who's Who in Baseball History, Lloyd Johnson 1994, p269

  Clocked at 99.5 mph that year [1965], Maloney and his fastball were credited with two no-hitters.  The first lasted 10 innings against the last place Mets before two hits in the 11th beat him 1-0.  Maloney fanned 18 in that game.
  

  Youtube, Rare Color WGNTV-Jim Maloney 10 Inning No-hitter August 19, 1965
  
  Per Union Tribune San Diego 9/5/2005 article No Hit Connection

   JIM MALONEY April 30, 1969 | Aug. 19, 1965
  
  Known for a blazing fastball clocked at 99.5 mph in 1965, the longtime Reds right-hander tossed two no-hitters in the majors. The first was a 10-inning effort against the Cubs at Wrigley Field. Earlier in 1965, he also threw 10 hitless innings against the Mets, but lost the no-hitter and the game on an 11th-inning homer. Maloney also threw five one-hitters and compiled a 134-84 record with a 3.19 ERA in 12 seasons. He played for the PCL Padres in 1962. 
  

  Per an interview with Mr. Maloney Looking Back: Jim Maloney Was A Nashville Vol by Bill Traughber / Nashville Baseball Historian 04/30/2012, Maloney doesn't mention his speed test

  "I threw a fastball, curve and a change-up," said Maloney. "My change-up was mediocre. I sure would like to have learned how to throw that full circle change that they throw today. I didn't know anything about it. Turner had me change off the curve ball. I threw a real hard curveball that was maybe three-quarters speed that acted like a change-up. That helped me. I used that in the big leagues. They did not have a speed gun in those days, but I'd say I was pitching close to 100 miles per hour on my fastball." 
  

  Per interview with Billy Joe Bowman, in Still Blazing : At Age 42, Ryan Hasn't Slowed Up All That Much on May 21, 1989 by MARK HEISLER

  "I got him [Nolan Ryan] at Chicago one ballgame at 99 m.p.h.," says Billy Joe Bowman, who operates the Astros' radar gun.
  
  "The reason I remember it so vividly, Lee Smith was throwing that day. Lee Smith also threw one 99. The ball was way out of the strike zone, but it was still 99.
  
  "Nolan's velocity would vary sometimes from ballgame to ballgame, but he'd always reach a stretch where he'd get to his maximum velocity, and then he'd just come right on. And here he comes!
  

• (s21) Forster 94.9 mph 9/74 – Per Baseball Library entry Terry Forster

  His fastball was clocked at 94.9 mph that September 7, but by the next season he was on the shelf with a bad arm; 
  

  Book: Who's Who in Baseball History, 1994, by Lloyd Johnson and Brenda Ward, p.143 , and Book: The Ballplayers 1990 by Mike Shatzkin, Stephen Holtje, James Charlton p.350

  (who's who only) A pitching phenom at 18, Forster was pitching in the majors by age 19.
  
  (both) From 1971 to 1973 he hurled an incredible 138 1/3 innings without surrendering a home run.  Forster was the AL Fireman of the Year in 1974, with a league-high 24 saves. That September his fastball was clocked at 94.9 mph.
  

  Per April 4, 1975 Yuma (AZ) Daily Sun

  Terry Forster anchors the Chicago bullpen. Just 23, he'll be entering his fifth major league season. His fastball has been timed at 94.9 miles per hour, ranking him fifth among all major league pitchers clocked, including Bob Feller and Nolan Ryan.
  

• (s22) 1974 Ryan Forster – Per Long Beach (CA) Independent Press-Telegram 9/8/1974, pp.S-1 and S-2

  Page S-1 (65)
  Ryan beats the clock, 100.8 mph-and Chicago
  By DON MERRY Staff Writer
  They could have cited Nolan Ryan for speeding Saturday night. Ryan beat the clock and the Chicago White Sox, in that order, hitting a high of 100.8 miles per hour in a 3-1 decision over the Sox to officially become what everybody has long suspected – the hardest thrower in baseball history. Recorded history, at least. Ryan's fastest pitch of the evening came as he faced Bee Bee Richard in the ninth inning and it surpassed by more than two seconds Bob Feller's old standard of 98.8. Almost sheepishly, Ryan said he considered it "an off-night. "I'm sure I've thrown faster than that," he said. While other people were concerned' with estimating – ANGEL OF DAY NOLAN RYAN won 18th game with 3-1 win over Chicago on six-hitter – Ryan's speed, the Angel pitcher privately thought to himself that he was capable of bettering 100 mph. "I felt if all the conditions were right I could better 100," he said. "But for a while I thought the contest was going to backfire." Ryan threw five warm– up pitches prior to the game and his clocking by Rockwell International were anything but startling. His fastest effort was 88.5 while his slowest was 55.0. "I bet you were worried right about then," Ryan said to promotion director George Lederer "I was a little concerned myself." Ryan actually bettered Feller's record in the fourth inning when he was caught at 98.9 [note: scoreboard shows 98.8] while in the
  
  Page S-2 (68)
  (Continued from Page S-l) process of pitching to Jerry Hairston. And back on Aug. 20 when the Rockwell team was experimenting for Saturday night's official timing, Ryan was clocked at 100.9. Ryan was hardly overpowering. He struck out nine a mundane figure for him and had control problems, too, issuing seven walks. But he got the big play when he needed it. Centerfielder Morris Nettles raced to the deepest part of the park and leaped above the fence to rob Pat Kelly of a grand slam home run to close out the sixth inning. Thus, Ryan was able to secure his 18th victory, putting him two triumphs away from his objective of 20 wins. Ryan said he tried to put the contest with its attendant carnival-type atmosphere out of his mind but that he did not completely succeed. "Everybody has been asking me about it and it has been in the papers just about every day for the past he sighed. "I tried not to think about it too much but it was something I couldn't completely ignore." The Angels scored single runs in the third, fourth and seventh innings to help Ryan out-duel rookie Jack Kusek, a hard thrower in his own right whose fastest clocking was a respectable 90.4. Singles by Denny Doyle and Orlando Ramirez sandwiched around Tom Egan's sacrifice put the Angels on the board in the third and they scored again in the fourth on a walk to Bruce Bochte, Joe Lahoud's bloop single and Dave Chalk's scoring ground ball. Singles by Bucky Dent, Ric